Ithkuil: A Philosophical Design for a Hypothetical Language

The Lexicon

Currently, the lexicon lists 16200 stems as derived from 900 roots (see Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 10.1.1 for an explanation of the structure of individual roots and their 18 stems). This represents only a random sampling from the 17 different morpho-semantic classes of Ithkuil roots (see Sec. 10.2 for an explanation of these classes). Additional roots and their stems will be periodically added to this list as the author finds time to convert his handwritten notes. The most recently added roots (August 2008) are marked in blue-colored font.

The reader should be aware that the glosses (i.e., the English translations or definitions) for each of the stems below are at times somewhat arbitrary, as Ithkuil roots and their stems have been conceptualized from the cognitive level up, without regard as to whether they correspond necessarily to an existing word or phrase in English or other languages. As a result, some of the English glosses chosen as representations for the Ithkuil stems are approximations at best. This is especially true for verbal glosses, since the translation of an Ithkuil verbal formative is usually dependent on the specific Conflation, Format or Derivation (see Sec. 5.4).

Ideally, the best way to represent the meanings of Ithkuil stems would be to use a semantic “meta-language” comprised of a closed set of semantically universal (or near-universal) “primitives” to create semantic “formulas” which define the use of a particular stem. (The design and use of such a meta-language to translate the meanings of words from one language to another can be found in the writings of linguist Anna Wierzbicka.) However, the author has chosen not to pursue such an effort for the sake of time, as such an analysis for all of the 3600 roots and their 64,800 stems would likely take decades to complete.

In regard to the list below, note that in some cases both a nominal (i.e., noun) and verbal gloss have been provided, while in others only one or the other is present. Nevertheless, the reader should keep in mind at all times that Ithkuil stems always convey both a nominal and verbal meaning, as explained in detail in Section 2.6.1.

CLASS 1 ROOTS: numerical concepts, quantification, comparison, mathematics

H-Š ‘WHOLE NUMBER/INTEGER’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. a (whole) number, numeral, digit, integer		Same as INFORMAL stems but applied to formal, authoritative, permanent context as per Section 3.7
2. having more than one aspect; multifaceted
3. numerical series/sequence
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. multiply (by)	1. divide (by)
2. consisting of more than instance; multiple instance(s) of	2. having more than one part; consisting of parts; non-unitary; non-unified
3. exponential/logarithmic progression	3. negative exponential/logarithmic progression

 

L-S   ‘ONE/UNITY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. one		1. single entity / single / singular
2. (something) alone/lone/sole		2. (something) isolated / apart / separate
3. (something) unique		3. 9something) independent / self-reliant / self-sufficient
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. unit (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)	1. unify/unite; unit (in terms of being indivisible)	Same as above 3 stems in terms of there being no other instance/example thereof	Same as above 3 stems in terms of entity being indivisible
2. alone/lone/sole (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)	2. alone/lone/sole (in terms of being indivisible)
3. unique (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)	3. unique (in terms of being indivisible)

EXAMPLES OF MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS:  individual(ity), solitude, lonely, loneliness

 

K-S   ‘TWO/DUALITY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. a set of two / a duo; to be two in number		FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7
2. be/make dual / having 2 uses or aspects / bi- / twofold
3. second one in a sequence; be/make second in a sequence
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. twice the number of something; to double / multiply by two	1. half; halve / divide by or into two
2. two times [= iterations] / twice; to be/make/do twice	2. be of or make into two parts; bifurcate(d)
3. to the second power / squared; to square / raise to the second power	3. to the negative second power / inverse square; to divide by the square of

 

N-S   ‘SEVEN’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. a set or group of 7 / a septet; to be 7 in number		FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7
2. be/make seven-faceted / having 7 uses or aspects / septi- / sevenfold
3. seventh one in a sequence; be/make seventh in a sequence
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. 7 times the number of something; to septuple / multiply by 7	1. a seventh / divide by 7 or into 7 parts
2. 7 times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 7 times	2. be of or make into 7 parts; separate(d) into 7 parts
3. to the 7th power; raise to the 7th power	3. to the negative 7th power; to divide by the 7th power of

THE ABOVE PATTERN FOR ‘TWO’ AND ‘SEVEN’ APPLIES TO THE REMAINING NUMBER ROOTS AS FOLLOWS:
Š-S     ‘3’
P-S    ‘4’
Ţ-S    ‘5’
T-S    ‘6’
X-S    ‘8’
F-S    ‘9’
M-S   ‘10’
R-S    ‘100’
Q-S    ‘10,000’
Ç-S   ‘100,000,000’
Ċ-S    ‘10 QUADRILLION’

CLASS 2 ROOTS: intellectual concepts, thought, ideation

H-P   ‘FACT/KNOW/LEARN/UNDERSTAND/EXPERTISE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. ontological fact;  observe/notice an ontological fact		1. study/practice [= formal process to acquire skill or knowledge]
2. epistemological/conventionalized fact; know fact		2. realize/understand/comprehension via act of insight
3. experience/proficiency [= know via familiarity]		3. understand [= know via sharing/communication of knowledge]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act or faculty of knowing	Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the fact itself, the thing known	Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act or faculty of study/understanding	Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the fact itself, the thing studied or understood

INFORMAL Stem Derivations:  find out, discover, determine, wisdom
FORMAL Stem Derivations:  learn, insight, enlightenment, education, school, scholar, student

 

H-T  - ‘(CRIMINAL) LAW/ADJUDICATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. statute, a particular law		1. act of official law enforcement (enforcement authority + manifested act of enforcement/administration)
2. applicability of a statute, law to a particular situation or geopolitical area, rule of law		2. jurisdiction/applicability of enforcement powers to particular situation or geopolitical area
3. investigate an alleged violation of law; act of criminal investigation		3. try/adjudicate a criminal complaint, go to trial
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. statement (the wording) of a law or statute	1. application of, or compliance with a law or statute	1. authority to enforce law or statute	1. act/manifestion of enforcing/administering law or statute
2. applicability of a statute or law	2. state of being subject to, or required to obey/ comply w/ a statute or law	2. jurisdiction of law enforcement powers	2. state of being subject to the jurisdiction of a law enforcement entity
3. gather material evidence as part of criminal investigation, e.g., questioning of witnesses, viewing of records, inspecting clues and material evidence	3. act by law enforcement for purposes of criminal identification or apprehension, e.g., interrogation or component of sting-type operation, or legal “trap” set up	3. presentation of evidence in support of alleged crime; prosecution	3. formal weighing of evidence by judge or jury

Morphological Derivations: code of law, rule of law, rule on an adjudicatory matter, verdict, justice
SSD Derivatives for Formal Stem 1:  obtaining of warrant/authorization to detain, seizure/detention of suspect, interrogation of suspect, gathering of evidence, arrest, detention in jail cell, indictment, preparation of prosecution, incarceration

SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 3:  stake-out/surveillance, reconnaisance, infiltration of mole, component of sting operation, identification of suspect

 

K-P   ‘GOOD/BENEFICIAL’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. good [= beneficial to context]		Same as INFORMAL stems but applied to concrete, range-of-moment tangible contexts, whereas INFORMAL stems are applied to general, metaphysical contexts.
2. good [= morally right; beneficial metaphysically]
3. good [= advantageous/effective]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act, event or situation itself	Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on desired outcome/reward/benefit

 

K-T   ‘QUESTION/INQUIRY/ANSWER/RESPONSE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. question & answer [statement requesting information + the answer/reply/response thereto]		1. inquire/inquiry + answer
2. query/investigate [investigative act + discovery made]		2. research + findings
3. ponder/introspect [self-questioning + conclusion]		3. analyze + results of analysis
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. question [statement requesting information]	1. response/reply/answer [information desired or given]	1. inquire/inquiry	1. answer [i.e., result of inquiry]
2. query	2. answer (to query) [i.e., cause/reason for what is being looked into or investigated]	2. research	2. finding(s)/discovery made via research
3. ponder/introspect; to question oneself mentally	3. conclusion [(desired) result of self-analysis]	3. analyze	3. conclusion/results of analysis

Morphological derivations:  problem; solution; solve; resolution; resolve; elucidate

 

L-T   ‘DEITY / SPIRITUAL ENTITY / SUPERNATURAL ENTITY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. (a) spirit / supernatural entity		1. angel
2. deity / god / “overseer” spirit		2. God / Supreme Being / Creator deity
3. demon		3. the Devil / Satan
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to male gender	same as above 3 stems referring to female gender	same as above 3 stems referring to male gender	same as above 3 stems referring to female gender

 

P-Q    ‘REMEMBER/RECALL/MEMORY/RECORD’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. memory; remember (= recall) [whether unwilled/affective or self -willed/voluntary]		1. trace/track/vestige
2. retain / retention of something past into present		2. memorial (object/action formally recognizing or acknowledging something/someone past)
3. remember [= commit to memory] / memorize		3. to record / a record
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. a memory itself (i.e., the content thereof)	1. faculty of memory/recall (i.e., the process of using one’s memory)	same as above 3 stems with focus on that which the physical manifestation memorializes or gives evidence/remembrance of	same as above 3 stems with focus on the object/event/physical manifestation itself which conveys the memory or record
2. a memory retained or kept fresh (i.e., the content thereof)	2. a memory retained or kept fresh (i.e., the process thereof)
3. thing remembered or memorized [=event/act/situation/state, etc. committed to memory]	3. process of committing something to memory

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS:  recollect(ion), remind, memorize, memento, monument, archive, commemorate, commemoration, souvenir/keepsake, relic, to bear in mind, ponder/relish a memory, sear into one’s memory

 

PŠ-K     ‘FANTASTIC OR IMAGINARY CREATURE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. fantastic or imaginary creature/beast		1. mythological/symbolic creature/beast
2. winged fantastic creature/beast		2. legendary being/creature/beast, allegedly real
3. reptilian/saurian fantastic creature/beast		3. alien/extraterrestrial being
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body or presence of creature/beast itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to the mind, personality, character, or interaction/communication with the creature/beast	Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body or presence of creature/beast itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to the mind, personality, character, or interaction/communication with the creature/beast

SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 1: 
SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 2:  5) dragon
SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 3:
SSD Derivatives for Formal Stem 1:  centaur, sphinx, satyr, unicorn, chimera, Phoenix, Scylla, Pegasus
SSD Derivatives for Formal Stem 2:  vampyre, werewolf, yeti,

 

R-K   ‘THOUGHT/IDEA/REASON’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. think / cogitate + thought or idea cogitated		1. to reason / use logic + content of reasoning
2. consider + idea considered		2. analyze + object of analysis
3. propose + argument or idea proposed		3. abstract (= to mentally construct) + concept
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. think / cogitate; an act of thinking	1. a thought / an idea	1. to reason / use logic; act of reasoning	1. object of reasoning
2. consider; an act of consideration	2. a thought or idea considered	2. analyze; act of analysis	2. object of analysis
3. propose / posit	3. a proposition or argument	3. to abstract / conceive / conceptualize; act of abstraction or conception	3. concept

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: ponder, deliberate/deliberation, plan, contemplate, theory, hypothesis, deduce/deduction, postulate, infer(ence), judge, conclude/conclusion

S-T  ‘MIND’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. mind / mental (faculty + use)		1. sentience / capacity for self awareness and self-identity + act of self-reflection
2. perception / awareness (faculty + use)		2. conscious + subconscious mind
3. instinct (faculty + practice)		3. intellect / wits /mind as efficacious tool
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. mental faculty / mind	1. application of mental faculty; act of mentation / use one’s mind	1. feeling of sentience	1. act of self-reflection
2. faculty of perception or awareness	2. use of perception or awareness; to perceive / be aware of	2. conscious mind	2. subconscious mind
3. instinct	3. instinctual act; to act instinctively	3. intellect; use one’s intellect	3. product of one’s intellect / intellectual feat

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: philosophy, metaphysics

 

ST-K   ‘COMPARISON/MEASUREMENT/WEIGH’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. compare/contrast		1. measure
2. discriminate/distinguish		2. discern
3. “weigh”/ponder choice/pro-con analysis		3. relate/collate/determine relationships between
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on act	Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on purpose or desired outcome	Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on act	Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on purpose or outcome

 

CLASS 3 ROOTS: concepts relating to change and causation

H-C      ‘WEATHER CONDITION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. (current) weather condition		1. adverse weather condition
2. amenable weather condition (warm seasons)		2. adverse weather condition (warm seasons)
3. amenable weather condition (cold seasons)		3. adverse weather condition (cold seasons)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to condition itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to effect/impact	Same as above 3 stems referring to condition itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to effect/impact

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: climate, the weather, clime
SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 2:  mild, balmy, sunny, warm, still/calm, gently breezy
SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 3:  brisk, cool, clear, still/calm, crisp, light snowfall, drizzle
SSD Derivatives for Formal Stem 2: mugginess, heat, drought, summer rainstorm, summer flood, mud, hurricane/cyclone/typhoon, smog, hot wind
SSD Derivatives for Formal Stem 3:  fog/mist, cloudy/overcast, wind, rain, snow, blizzard, rainstorm, tornado/twister, flood

 

K-C  - ‘BAKE/SOMETHING BAKED’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. bake (something); something baked [method + result]		Same as INFORMAL stems except that context is that of a commercial venture, i.e., food for sale, as in a restaurant or grocery store
2. oven [= environment or primary infrastructure used for baking]
3. baking pan [= primary supporting interface for manipulating the food being baked]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. bake; baking (as a cooking method)	1. food cooked by baking; something baked
2. oven (as primary baking environment)	2. oven (as functional heating/cooking means)
3. baking pan (as supporting interface within the oven)	3. baking pan (as primary accessory/tool needed for manipulating, removing, shaping the baked food)

Derivatives:  baked goods, bakery, baker
The following roots follow the same model as the above:
T-C  roast
P-Ċ  toast
Š-Č  fry
F-C  griddle
T-Ċ  smoke
Ķ-Č  sun-dry
X-C  sautee
TL-Ċ  simmer
T-Č  boil
S-C  steam
ŢL-Ċ  parboil
Č-Č  stew
R-C  brew
KL-Ċ  marinade
Ţ-Č  broil
L-C  grill
PL-Ċ  barbecue
H-Č  poach
N-C  pressure-cook
XL-Ċ  slow-cook (e.g., in crockpot, Dutch oven, claypot, Tandoori pot, etc.)
N-Č  flash-fry
Ļ-C  sear
FL-Ċ  non-heat related method of food preparation, e.g., preparing sushi, making a peanut butter sandwich, etc.

 

L- Č ‘BINARY REVERSAL / POLARITY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. switch to opposing or complementary value		FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Sec. 3.7.
2. switch or reverse [linear] direction
3. toggle between active/positive or inactive/negative state
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. set to positive, primary, or initial value	1. set to negative, secondary, or complementary value
2. change current course or direction	2. reverse course or direction
3. active / activate / turn on / render active / on / positive state	3. inactive / deactivate / turn off / render inactive / off / negative state

 

M-C  TOOL/INSTRUMENT
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. tool, instrument, implement as extension of bodily appendage(s) (e.g., as per force, strength, precision, reach, pressure, instrument as labor-saving or efficiency-increasing means etc.)		1. utensil, specialized implement for assisting in refined task
2. tool, instrument as means of “defying nature” (e.g., wheel, wedge, fulcrum, etc.		2. mechanical/motorized/electric/electronic implement/device
3. supply-like resource/implement used by itself or in  association with specific tool (e.g., nail, tack, clothespin, hook)		3. supply-like resource/implement used as fuel or input for mechanical/electrical/electronic implement/device
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof	Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof

Morphological Derivatives:  equipment, gear (collection of associated tools/supplies), apparatus, appliance, paraphernalia, machine
SSD derivatives for Informal Stem 1: awl, pliers, screwdriver, wrench, pick, shovel/spade, chisel, file, stick/pole/bar
SSD derivatives for Informal Stem 2:  wheel, jack, wedge, fulcrum, pulley, sling, lever, gear, spool
SSD derivatives for Informal Stem 3: nail, tack, clip/fastener, hook, screw, bolt, nut, piece of wire, screwdriver bit/head
SSD derivatives for Formal Stem 1:  anvil, fork, spoon, scissors, vice/clamp, plane, saw, tweezers, puncher
SSD derivatives for Formal Stem 2:  drill, power saw, engine/motor
SSD derivatives for Formal Stem 3:  drill bit,

 

M-Č   ‘SWITCH/ALTERATION BETWEEN MULTI-VALUED SETTINGS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. switch to a different value or setting		Same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to permanent, authoritative, formal contexts or to social or analogical contexts
2. veer, change course
3. change to a less active or more active setting; increase or decrease intensity or setting
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. switch to higher/greater value or setting	1. switch to lower/lesser value or setting
2. change to more difficult, dangerous, or unpredictable course	2. change to easier, safer, or more predictable course
3. increase to higher/stronger intensity	3. decrease to lower/weaker intensity

 

P-C   ‘GROWTH/CULTIVATION/HUSBANDRY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. grow; stage of growth		1. stage of plant growth; grow (plant)
2. raise; look after; foster; function as guardian		2. till/cultivate/raise crop; stage of cultivation (e.g., etc.)
3. nurture / provide requirements for growth; husbandry		3. to garden/specialized act of plant nurturage (e.g., prune, graft, weed, etc.)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to act itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to (anticipated) result/effect	Same as above 3 stems referring to act itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to (anticipated) result/effect

Stems of this root are often used with the MAT suffix
SSD Derivatives for FORMAL Stem 2:  plow, sow, irrigate, fertilize; hoe, reap, pick, dry, store
SSD Derivatives for FORMAL Stem 3:  prune, graft, weed, transplant, thin out
Morphological Derivatives:  shepherd, garden, gardener, field (of crop), crop, harvest, plow/plough, hoe, etc.

 

P-Č ‘LARGE IMPLEMENT FOR COUNTERING GRAVITY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. ladder [object itself + use]		1. winch/windlass
2. stair		2. expandable boom
3. bridge; span		3. derrick
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof	Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES:  staircase, stairway

 

Q-Č ‘PHYSICAL CONTACT’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. physical contact between 2 or more objects [contact + effect]		FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that the context is specific to physical contact by one’s “default” appendage(s) for volitional physical contact, i.e., hands/fingers, beak, snout, tongue, pseudopod, tendril, tentacle, etc.
2. application of physical pressure/force + effect
3. move or set in motion via physical contact + resulting motion
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems but with focus on physical act of contact	same as above 3 stems but with focus on resulting effect/movement

EXAMPLE DERIVATIONS FROM THESE STEMS: feel, push, stroke, caress, tap, nudge, hit, strike, slap, punch, shove, press, rub, knock over, fall [due to being pushed], injure [via striking], etc.

 

X-Č   - WEAPON
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. hand-held or hand-thrown bladed weapon for cutting or stabbing [object + use]		1. ballistically launched projectile [projectile + use]
2. pointed-tipped handheld or propelled weapon for piercing [object + use]		2. explosive/incendiary substance/device [substance/device + use]
3. blunt force-driven hand-held or propelled weapon [object + use]		3. gaseous/chemical/other weapon [substance + use]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. bladed weapon itself	1. use/function of bladed weapon	1. ballistically launched projectile	1. use/function of ballistically launched projectile
2. pointed-tipped handheld or hand thrown weapon itself	2. use/function of pointed-tipped handheld or hand thrown weapon	2. explosive/incendiary substance/device	2. use/function of explosive/incendiary substance/device
3. blunt force-driven hand-held or hand-thrown weapon itself	3. use/function of blunt force-driven hand-held or hand-thrown weapon	3. gaseous/chemical/other weapon	3. use/function of gaseous/chemical/other weapon

SSD derivatives for Informal Stem 1:  1) dagger  2) switchblade  3) axe  4) bayonet  5) sword  6) scimitar
SSD derivatives for Informal Stem 2:  arrow, lance, spear, javelin, harpoon
SSD derivatives for Informal Stem 3:  mace, club, hammer, catapult fodder, shot from slingshot. cudgel
SSD derivatives for Formal Stem 1:  bullet, shell, shrapnel, cannonball, shot, rocket, self-propelled missile
SSD derivatives for Formal Stem 2:  bomb, grenade, plastic explosive, firecracker, dynamite stick
SSD derivatives for Formal Stem 3:  gas irritant/poison, poison chemical vapor, liquid irritant/poison, radioactive compound used as weapon

NOTE:  In Ithkuil, guns, catapults, slings and all other firearms or devices for shooting/hurling projectiles utilize Degree 1 of the UTE suffix ('tool/implement for doing X'), as it is not the firearm/shooting device that kills but the projectile shot/fired from it. Thus a gun is a "bullet-implementer".  Care must be taken in assigning appropriate noun Cases or verbal Formats to stems associated with ballistic aerial weapons to distinguish the fact that it is the projectile that is the actual "weapon" and not the object it was fired/projected from. This is the good old "shoot bullets" vs. "shoot guns" vs. "shoot bullets from a gun" vs. "shoot him with a gun" vs. "shoot him with bullets from a gun" problem . This which would translate into Ithkuil/Ilaksh as "I bulleted him due to/enabled by a gun" or incorparatively as "I gun-bulleted him" using either the RESULTATIVE Format (literally translating as "I bulleted him as a result of concurrently gun-activating") or the INSTRUMENTATIVE Format (literally translating as "I bulleted him by the enabling means of gun-activating").

CLASS 4 ROOTS: concepts relating to the physical attributes of organic matter

C-M  ‘SENSE OF TASTE / THE TASTE OF SOMETHING’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. to taste a taste (taste faculty + flavor tasted)		1. to taste for an anticipated/expected flavor
2. tongue/palate (tissue containing taste buds + taste buds themselves)		2. instrument/device for detecting flavor + flavor detected
3. imagine a taste (act + the flavor imagined)		3. create/manufacture a flavor + flavor created
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. to taste; faculty of taste	1. flavor	1. to taste	1.
2. tongue/palate  (as sensory organs of tasting)	2. taste bud	2. instrument for detecting flavor	2. flavor detected via instrument
3. imagine a taste in one’s mind	3. an imagined taste	3. create/manufacture a flavor	3. flavor created

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES:  tasty, savory, flavorful
SSD Derivatives:  1) bitter 2) chemical-like taste 3)  salty  4) foul/rancid taste 5) sweet  6) sweet & sour  7) sour 8)  hot (= spicy)  9) umami

 

C-Ņ   ‘SPECIALIZED VOLITIONAL BODILY SOUNDS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. non-linguistic sound made by mouth (i.e., tongue, teeth, lips)		1.  consonant
2. non-linguistic sound made from throat or vocal chords		2. vowel
3. sound made by non-oral, non-vocal part of the body		3. phoneme
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to act of producing the sound	Same as above 3 stems referring to the sound itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to act of producing the sound	Same as above 3 stems referring to the sound itself

SSD Derivations from Informal Stem 1:  1) whistle 2) hum 3) “raspberry” 4) hoot/whoop 5) non-avian animal call 6) bird call 7) scream 8) click-sound (i.e., w/ ingressive airstream) 9) non-phonemic consonantal gibberish sound

SSD Derivations from Informal Stem 3:  1) slap 2) rubbing sound 3) footfall (--> stomp) 4) snap of fingers 5) finger tap 6) toe/foot tap 7) suction-based sound (e.g., “armpit fart”) 8) knuckle crack  9) other joint cracking

 

Ċ-N   ‘IN-LAW/FOSTER RELATIONS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. member of parent/child in-law relationship		1. member of foster family
2. male member of parent/child in-law relationship		2. male member of foster family
3. female member of parent/child in-law relationship		3. female member of foster family
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. parent in-law	1. child in-law	1. foster parent	1. foster child
2. father in-law	2. son in-law	2. foster father	2. foster son
3. mother in-law	3. daughter in-law	3. foster mother	3. foster daughter

 

Ç-M   ‘LOWER ORDER LIFE FORM’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. lower-order life form (i.e. non-vertebrate)		same as INFORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, fuel, material, etc.)
2. microbe
3. non-microbial animal
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. bacterium	1. soft-bodied animal (e.g., jellyfish, sponge, slime mold)
2. virus	2. exoskeletal animal (e.g., insect, arthropod, crustacean)
3. protist	3. endoskeletal animal

 

Ç-Ņ    ‘HEAR(ING)/SOUND’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. hear a sound; aural faculty + sound heard		1. listen to a (specific) sound / discern aurally a (specific) sound
2. ear (aural organ + physical part of body, i.e., Spanish oído + oreja)		2. aural instrument / device for detecting sound waves + sound detected
3. imagine a sound (act + sound)		3. create or manufacture an odor + odor created
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. to hear; aural faculty	1. sound	1. listen	1. (selected) sound
2. ear (aural organ)	2. ear (body part)	2. aural instrument	2. sound detected via aural instrument
3. imagine a sound / hear in one’s mind	3. imagined sound	3. create or manufacture a sound	3. sound created

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: speaker, megaphone, telephone, stereo, microphone, hearing aid

 

F-N  ‘COUSIN’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. cousin [male or female]		1. step-cousin [male or female]
2. male cousin		2. male step-cousin
3. female cousin		3. female step-cousin
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s mother]	1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s father]	1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s stepmother]	1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s stepfather]
2. male cousin [related through one’s mother]	2. male cousin [related through one’s father]	2. male cousin [related through one’s stepmother]	2. male cousin [related through one’s stepfather]
3. female cousin [related through one’s mother]	3. female cousin [related through one’s father]	3. female cousin [related through one’s stepmother]	3. female cousin [related through one’s stepfather]

 

FL-Ņ    ‘TYPES OF HARD OR NON-LIVING BODILY TISSUES’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. tooth		1. head hair
2. fingernail/toenail/claw		2. whisker / facial hair
3. hard growth of skin (e.g., wart, corn, callus, bunion, scar)		3. pubic/armpit hair
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical tissue itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose, or effect/impact	Same as above 3 stems referring to physical tissue itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose, or effect/impact

mustache, beard, sideburn, bald
incisor/fang, bicuspid, molar
wart, corn, callus, bunion, scar

 

H-N   ‘NUCLEAR FAMILY MEMBER’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. nuclear family member		1. non-sanguine family member
2. male family member		2. non-sanguine male family member
3. female family member		3. non-sanguine female family member
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. parent	1. child/offspring	1. step-parent	1. step-child
2. father	2. boy child / son	2. step-father	2. step-son
3. mother	3. girl child / daughter	3. step-mother	3. step-daughter

 

KS-Ņ    ‘COMPONENT OF BODY’S RESPIRATORY/CARDIO-VASCULATORY SYSTEM
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. heart		1. lung
2. vascular component		2. component of respiratory system
3. (an amount of) blood		3. oxygen
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems	Same as above 3 stems	Same as above 3 stems	Same as above 3 stems

SSD Affix with Informal Stem 1:  ventricle, atrium, vein, coronary artery, capillary,
SSD Affix with Informal Stem 2:  blood vessel, vein, artery, capillary, aorta, vena cava
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 1: bronchus, bronchiolus, alveolar sac
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 21:  nasal cavity, trachea

 

Ķ-Ņ   ‘ABDOMEN/THORAX/TORSO/CHEST’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. thorax/torso [both body part and function]		FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “mid-section” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.
2. abdomen/midsection (lower front half of torso) [both body part and function]
3. chest (upper front of torso) [both  body part and function)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part	Same as above 3 stems referring to function

NOTE:  Due to the bilateral symmetry of this body part, the above stems are often used in the DUPLEX configuration, the UNIPLEX form referring only to one side of the bodily part or the other.

 

M-Ņ  ‘CLASSES OF ANIMAL’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. animal of land or air (i.e., “terroid”)		Same as INFORMAL holistic stems but domesticated, tamed, captive, or bred
2. waterlife (i.e., “aquoid”)
3. amphibian
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems but domesticable	same as above 3 stems but undomesticable	same as above FORMAL stems but as pets or tamed	same as above FORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, breeding stock, etc.)

 

K-N   ‘GENDER’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. gender		1. psycho-sexual identity
2. neuter		2. asexual / psychologically neuter
3. androgynous		3. sexual preference/orientation
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. male (anatomically)	1. female (anatomically)	1. masculine (psycho-behaviorally)	1. feminine (psycho-behaviorally)
2. sterile (incapable of procreation)	2. genderless (neither male nor female anatomically)	2. celibate/chaste	2. asexual; devoid of sexual desire
3. androgyne / androgynous (difficultyfor others to determine gender)	3. hermophrodite / hermophroditic (anatomically both male & female)	3. sexual preference or orientation psychologically	3. sexual orientation in actuality (as manifested)

SSD Derivatives for Formal Stem 3:  homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual, bisexual with preference for heterosexuality, bisexual with preference for homosexuality, homosexual with preference for functioning in male role, homosexual with preference for functioning in female role

 

KL-Ņ    ‘BODILY JOINT’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. bodily joint (physical joint + function); to flex joint		1. specialized bodily joint/juncture
2. ball & socket-type bodily joint		2. vertebra
3. standard-type joint		3. wrist/ankle/waist (lateral circular joint type)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to external hard or knob-like external body part	Same as above 3 stems referring to internal joint and its function/process	Same as above 3 stems referring to external hard or knob-like external body part	Same as above 3 stems referring to internal joint and its function/process

hip/flex hip, shoulder, flex shoulder
finger joint, toe joint, knee, elbow
spinal column; flex spine
wrist, ankle waist

 

KŞ-Ņ    ‘NECK’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. neck (as gestalt entity) [body part + function]		FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “neck” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, complex 3-dimensional form, plant, etc.
2. neck (as bodily support/swivel point for head) [body part + function
3. neck (as narrowest, most vulnerable body part) [body part + function]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. neck as physical body part	1. neck as functional body part
2. neck as bodily support/swivel point for head	2. neck as functional support/swivel point for head
3. neck as physically narrowest, most vulnerable body part)	3. neck as functionally narrowest, most vulnerable body part

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES:  nape, throat (i.e., front part of neck)

 

L-M  ‘SIBLING’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. sibling		1. step-sibling
2. brother		2. step-brother
3. sister		3. step-sister
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. half-sibling [shared mother]	1. half-sibling [shared father]	1. step-sibling [stepmother is mother of other sibling]	1. step-sibling [stepfather is father of other sibling]
2. half-brother [shared mother]	2. half-brother [shared father]	2. step-brother [stepmother is mother of other sibling]	2. step-brother [stepfather is father of other sibling]
3. half-sister [shared mother]	3. half-sister [shared father]	3. step-sister [stepmother is mother of other sibling]	3. step-sister [stepfather is father of other sibling]

 

L-N   ‘CLASSES OF WATERLIFE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. skeletal/vertebral waterlife form		Same as INFORMAL holistic stems referring to tamed, domesticated, bred, etc. individual
2. exoskeletal/arthropod form
3. soft-bodied waterlife form
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. jellyfish-like lifeform	1. gilled/finned fish	Same INFORMAL complementary stems referring to tamed, pet, domesticated, bred, etc. individual
2. crustacean	2. “non-standard”-shaped fish (e.g., ray, eel, squid, octopus, etc.)
3. shellfish	3. sea mammal (e.g., whale, seal, walrus, etc.)

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS:  fisherman, whale hunter, aquarium, fishery, fish hatchery

 

Ļ-Ņ     ‘CLASSES OF LAND/AIR ANIMAL’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. mammal		Same as INFORMAL stems referring to domesticated, tamed, bred, pet, etc. individual
2. non-mammalian, non-avian, non-reptilian animal, i.e.,  insect/arthropod/arachnid/worm/mollusk
3. avian or reptilian lifeform
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. insect	1. mollusc
2. worm	2. bird
3. arthropod/arachnid	3. reptile

 

M-L   ‘TRAGICOMIC-BASED VOCAL/FACIAL GESTURE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. mouth gesture		Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to deliberate (i.e., volitional) gestures/vocalizations (INFORMAL stems are affective/non-volitional)
2. vocalization
3. facial expression
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. smile	1. frown
2. laugh	2. whine, moan
3. “light up” (referring to one’s face’)	3. crestfallen look, look of dejection

SSD DERIVATIONS:  scowl

N-N   ‘FOOD PLANT’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. plant grown/harvested/cultured as food source		1. food dish/serving derived from plant
2. vegetable		2. food dish/serving derived from vegetable
3. fruit		3. food dish/serving derived from fruit
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to plant itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to edible part of plant or plant in edible condition following any necessary processing	Same as above 3 stems referring to serving/dish itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to consumption/ingestion  of the dish

SSD Derivatives for INFORMAL stems:  stem, leaf, seed/nut, pod/fruit, flower, juice, sap, rhizome, root/tuber
SSD Derivatives for FORMAL stems:  soup, stew, salad, sauteed, deep-fried, boiled, steamed, baked, fancy/other style of preparation

 

P-M   ‘SMELL/ODOR’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. to smell (= use olfactory sense) + odor smelled		1. examine or inspect via smelling + odor smelled
2. nose (olfactory organ + facial proboscis)		2. device used to detect presence of odor or gas / olfactory instrument + odor detected
3. imagine a smell (act + imagined odor)		3. create or manufacture an odor + odor created
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. to smell (= use olfactory sense)	1. an odor, a smell; to give off an odor	1. examine or inspect via smelling	1. odor detected via inspection or examination
2. nose (= olfactory organ)	2. nose (= facial proboscis)	2. device used to detect presence of odor or gas / olfactory instrument	2. odor detected via olfactory instrument
3. imagine an odor	3. an imagined odor	3. create or manufacture an odor	3. manufactured odor

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: sniff, aroma, “bouquet”, perfume, stench

 

P-Ņ   ‘STATE OF HEALTH/ILLNESS/WELL-BEING’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. state of physical health / physical well-being		1. state of mental health / mental well-being
2. physical illness; sick(ness)		2. mental illness
3. physical injury/wound/lesion/trauma		3. mental trauma
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effect	Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on cause	Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effect	Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on cause

SSD affix used with Stem 2 of both INFORMAL and FORMAL stem in conjunction w/ the AGC2/7 affix give:  1) nurse 2) emergency technician 3) therapist 4) caregiver 5) doctor 6) surgeon 7) healer 8) “medicine man” 9) medical assistant
Derivations:  madness, craziness, insanity

 

PL-Ņ    ‘THROAT (interior tract of neck)/GULLET’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. throat (= interior respiratory/digestive tract of neck)		FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “throat/gullet” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, complex 3-dimensional form, plant, etc.
2. gullet (= tube- or trumpet-shaped digestive conduit from oral cavity)
3. interior chamber of throat (containing pharynx, larynx, plus epiglottal and glottal structures)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part	Same as above 3 stems referring to function

SSD derivatives:  pharynx, larynx, syrinx, epiglottis, glottis, trachea/windpipe, vocal fold/chord, hyoid bone / “Adam’s apple”

 

PS-Ņ    ‘GASTRO-INTESTINAL/UROLOGICAL COMPONENT’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. gastrointestinal component (body part + function)		1. urological component (body part + function)
2. gastrointestinal process / digestive process / digest(ion) (physical process + nutritive function		2. urological process (physical process + waste elimination function)
3. (amount/piece of) feces, dung, excrement		3. (an amount of) urine, piss, pee
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part/process  itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose	Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES:  gastrointestinal tract
SSD Affix with Informal Stem 1:  esophagus, stomach, guts/viscera/intestine, jejenum, ilium, colon, rectum, small intestine/bowel, anus
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 1:  kidney, ureter, adrenal gland, bladder, urethra

 

PŞ-Ņ    ‘PREGNANCY/GESTATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. pregnancy/gestation		Same as INFORMAL stems but referring exclusively to human pregnancy/gestation
2. manifestation of morning sickness
3. contraction during labor
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical condition/state	Same as above 3 stems referring to psycho-physiological effect/impact

Morphological Derivatives:  conception, labor, birth/delivery

 

Q-M   ‘HIGHER ORDER ANIMAL LIFE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. higher order being (i.e., large bilateral vertebrate with discrete organs)		1. authorized or officially designated person or animal/beast
2. human, person		2. official, authorized person
3. non-human higher order being or animal, beast		3. pet or zoo animal/beast
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. male higher order being	1. female higher order being	1. authorized male animal/ or officially designated man or beast	1. authorized or officially designated woman or female animal/ beast
2. human male, man	2. human female, woman	2. official, authorized man	2. official, authorized woman
3. male higher order animal or beast	3. female higher order animal or beast	3. male pet or zoo animal/beast	3. female pet or zoo animal/beast

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: boy, girl, child [developmentally, not as offspring], population, group of people, crowd, mob, assembly, people, masses, elder, crone, adult, youth, adulthood, fetus, adolescent, zoo

R-N  DÈ-  ‘HAND’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. hand (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]		FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “hand” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.
2. hand (as holder, grasper, striker) [both physical body part and function]; to grasp-->hold
3. leg (as manipulator, handler, feeler) [both physical body part and function]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. hand as physical body part	1. function of hand as “feeler”- focuser of body’s tactile sense
2. hand as main tool of body	2. function of hand as holder/grasper
3. hand as limb/extension	3. function of hand as manipulator/handler

SSD derivatives:  1) fist 2) palm 3) knuckle 4) hand as flat “blade”, e.g., for karate chop 5) finger 6) thumb 7) “butt” of hand [=lower part of palm] 8) fingernail  9) bottom side of fist [as when pounding fist onto table; for individual fingers, use following affixes + SSD/5 for ‘finger’:  index = “main finger” or “first finger”, middle finger = “mid-finger” or “long finger” or “2nd finger”, ring finger = “3rd finger”, pinkie = 4th finger or small(est) finger

 

R-Ņ    ‘COLLATERAL FAMILY MEMBER/RELATIVE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. paternal collateral relative		1. maternal collateral relative
2. paternal male collateral relative		2. maternal male collateral relative
3. paternal female collateral relative		3. maternal female collateral relative
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. paternal aunt/uncle	1. paternal aunt/uncle	1. maternal nephew/neice	1. maternal aunt/uncle
2. paternal uncle	2. paternal uncle	2. maternal nephew	2. maternal uncle
3. paternal aunt	3. paternal aunt	3. maternal neice	3. maternal aunt

 

R-M  ‘NUTRITION / NUTRITIONAL CONSUMPTION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. food and drink; to eat and drink		1. eat a serving of food or drink; to dine
2. food; to eat		2. prepared/cooked food; to eat prepared food
3. drink (i.e., substance drunk); to drink		3. processed drink or spirits; to drink processed drink or spirits
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. eat and drink as biological process	1. food and drink (substances consumed)	same as abvoe 3 stems but with focus on the process of consumption	same as above 3 stems but with focus on the items consumed
2. eat/ingest/consume	2. item of solid food
3. drink/imbibe	3. liquid (to be) drunk

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: cooking, meal, repast, feast, become drunk, gorge(d); chef, cook, brewer

 

Ŗ-N    ‘CLASSES OF MAMMAL’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. marsupial		Same as INFORMAL stems referring to tamed, domesticated, pet, bred, etc. individual
2. egg-laying mammal, ovoviviparous mammal
3. placental mammal
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to male	Same as above 3 stems referring to female

 

Ŗ-Ņ   - ‘INFIRMITY/PHYSICAL DISABILITY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. general weakness/infirmity (e.g., age-related or illness-related)		1. acute infirmity, attack, flare-up
2. specific physical disability or abnormality; disabled		2. injury; injure(d)
3. lame, crippled, handicapped, impaired (permanently or chronically)		3. impaired; decreased mobility (temporary)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems w/ focus on underlying condition itself	same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical effect, impact, symptoms, manifestation	same as above 3 stems w/ focus on underlying condition itself	same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical effect, impact, symptoms, manifestation

 

S-M    ‘LEG’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. leg (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]		FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.
2. leg (as support) [both physical body part and function]
3. leg (as ambulator, extension, limb) [both physical body part and function]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. leg as physical body part	1. leg as manipulating body part (e.g., for kicking, stomping)
2. leg as or balancing appendage for body	2. leg as support against gravity
3. leg as limb/extension	3. leg as ambulatory organ

SIMILAR PATTERNS EXIST FOR:
Ņ-N  ‘TAIL’
K-Ņ   ‘FOOT’ -->   SSD Derivatives:  heel, ball of foot, upper side of foot, arch, plantar fascia, achilles tendon

 

S-N  ‘PLANT TYPES’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. branched/leaved plant including its fruit or flower		same as FORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, fuel, material, etc.)
2. grass-like or stalked plant including its seed or grain
3. moss-like or fungal plant or mold including its spore or cyst
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. branched/leaved plant	1. flower, fruit, or blossom of branched/leaved plant
2. grass-like or stalked plant	2. seed, grain, or kernel of grass-like or stalked plant
3. moss-like or fungal plant or mold	3. spore or cyst of moss-like or fungal plant or mold

SSD for Stem 2:  1) grass  2) ground-covering plant 3) clover  4) weed 5) wildgrass
SSD for Stem 3:  1) lichen  2)  mushroom  3)  mold  4)  slime mold 5) moss  6) non-mushroom fungus

 

S-Ņ     ‘RESPIRATORY PAROXYSM’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [act + sound]		FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that the act/sound is deliberate (i.e., volitional)
2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [act + sound]
3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [act + sound]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [act]	1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [sound]
2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [act]	2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [sound]
3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [act]	3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [sound]

Morphological derivations:  clear throat, harrumph, hacking cough, cough up

 

SX-M   ‘MOUTH/ORAL’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. mouth [= oral orifice]		Same as INFORMAL Stems but for non-animal entity or figuratively
2. lip [use of DPX = lips]
3. interior of mouth/oral cavity
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on bodily location/physical aspect	Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on purpose, use, function

 

Ş-Ņ    ‘BODY PART’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. body part/component  (e.g., appendage, section, organ, gland, tissue, fluid, etc.)		1. bodily tissue/flesh/sinew
2. bodily organ		2. secondary organ/gland
3. bone		3. bodily fluid/secretion
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function	Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES:  body, corpse
SSD Affix with Informal Stem 3:  1) spine 2) rib 3) skull 4) limb bone (tibia, femur, ulna, etc.) 5) bone of hand/foot  6) “shield” bone (e.g., patella, shoulder blade) 7) hipbone
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 1:  1) membrane 2) tendon 3) ligament 4) nerve 5) muscle 6) skin/integument 7) sphincter/valve 8)  marrow 9) fat/gristle
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 2:  1) gonad 2) esophagus 3) adrenal gland 4) bowel/intestine 5) brain 6) lung 7) kidney 8) pancreas 9) liver
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 3:  1) tear  2) bile 3) semen 4) pus 5) blood 6) mucus/mucal secretion 7) saliva 8) lymph  9) sweat/perspiration

 

Š-N   ‘NON-SANGUINE RELATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. member of godparent-godchild relationship		1. adoptive family member
2. male member of godparent-godchild relationship		2. male adoptive family member
3. female member of godparent-godchild relationship		3. female adoptive family member
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. godparent	1. godchild	1. adoptive parent	1. adopted child
2. godfather	2. godson	2. adoptive father	2. adopted son
3. godmother	3. goddaughter	3. adoptive mother	3. adopted daughter

 

Š-Ņ    ‘SOIL/GROUND/DIRT (MIXED ORGANIC + MINERAL)’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. dirt/ground/soil [=substance + function as substrate/firmament]		1. peat
2. mud		2. dirt(y)/filth(y) [= soiled, unclean]
3. ground cover [organic-based, e.g., carpet of leaves]		3. mulch/compost/fertilizer
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to substance itself	same as above 3 stems referring to function as substrate/firmament	same as above 3 stems referring to substance itself	same as above 3 stems referring to function as substrate/firmament

 

T-M  ‘BREATHE/RESPIRATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. respire/inhale or exhale; a breath		1. inflate (w/ air)
2. yawn		2. blow (passage of air under pressure through narrow opening)
3. pump (by air)		3. suck/suckle/siphon
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to gaseous compound itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to effect/impact	Same as above 3 stems	Same as above 3 stems

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES:  breathe, pant, gasp, suffocate, suffocation, asphyxiate, asphyxiation, drown

 

T-N   ‘ALIVE/LIVING THING/LIVING BEING’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. living thing; be alive / to live		1. domesticated or civilized being
2. [wild] animal (all orders)		2. domesticated animal
3. [wild] plant (all orders)		3. cultivated plant
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. male being	1. female being	1. domesticated or civilized male being	1. domesticated or civilized female being
2. male [wild] animal	2. female [wild] animal	2. male [domesticated] animal	2. female [domesticated] animal
3. male [wild] plant	3. female [wild] plant	3. male [cultivated] plant	3. female [cultivated] plant

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: life, vegetation, flora, fauna, wildlife; farm, farmer, breeder, livestock

 

T-Ņ    ‘PLEASURE- or PAIN-BASED VOCALIZATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. sigh (affective/non-volitional)		Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to deliberate (i.e., volitional) vocalizations
2. squeal/groan/moan (affective/non-volitional)
3. gasp (affective/non-volitional)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems as triggered by physical or mental  pleasure or satisfaction	Same as above 3 stems as triggered by physical or mental distress, pain, torment, or dissatisfaction

SSD DERIVATIONS:  cry, sob, howl, whimper, murmur
OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS:  weep

 

TL-Ņ    ‘COMPONENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. component of CNS		1. brain
2. CNS- eurological process		2. spinal cord
3. component of peripheral nervous system		3. nerve
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems	Same as above 3 stems	Same as above 3 stems	Same as above 3 stems

sympathetic nerve, parasympathetic nerve, vegus nerve
neuron, neuron firing, synapse, synaptic uptake, axon, dendrite, glial cell, blood-brain barrier

 

Ţ-N   ‘HEAD’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. head (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]		FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.
2. head (as seat of brain/mind) [both body part and function]
3. head (as entity’s primary “interface” area of body)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. head as physical body part	1. head as functional body part
2. head as physical seat of brain/mind	2. head as functional seat of brain/mind
3. head as “top” or “forward” part or “access” point	3. head as vital seat of identity

SSD Derivatives = parts of head 1) cheek  2) chin  3) upper lip [plane between mouth and nose] 4) forehead 5) temple 6) crown of head 6) occipital area [back of head] 7) socket area around eye 8) upper part of back of head 9) cheekbone

 

ŢL-Ņ    ‘MISCELLANEOUS BODY PARTS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. buttock		1. haunch
2. breast/teat		2. snout/proboscis
3. navel		3. fin
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose or impact/effect	Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself	Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose or impact/effect

 

X-M   ‘ARM’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. arm (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]		FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.
2. arm (as holder, support, carrier) [both body part and function]
3. arm (as protective extension of body) [both body part and function]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. arm as single body part	1. arm as reacher or manipulator
2. arm as limb (focus on part/whole relation to body)	2. arm as holder/carrier
3. arm as extension of body	3. arm as natural protective/defensive implement of body

 

X-N   ‘VISION/SIGHT’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. to sight (see + thing seen); sight		1. observe / visually examine + thing seen
2. eye (functional organ + visible facial feature)		2. optical instrument + image
3. visualize / imagine / picture a visual image in one’s mind + image		3. create image / render an image
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. see	1. a sight / image; to project an image	1. visually examine / observe	1. thing observed / visual evidence
2. eye (functional organ)	2. eye (visible facial feature)	2. optical instrument	2. thing observed via optical instrument
3. visualize / envision; act of visualization	3. an image / a vision (in one’s mind)	3. create image	3. image created

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: look (at), view, glimpse, glance, ogle, gawk, stare, spy, espy, peep, voyeur, panorama, scrutinize (visually), camera, telescope, microscope, binoculars, magnifying glass, lens, glasses

 

X-Ņ    ‘BACK/DORSAL AREA OF BODY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. back/dorsal area (both body part and function)		FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to the dorsal area of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.
2. lower back/dorsal area (both body part and function)
3. upper back & shoulder blade area
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part	Same as above 3 stems referring to function

NOTE:  Due to the bilateral symmetry of this body part, the above stems are often used in the DUPLEX configuration, the UNIPLEX form referring only to one side of the bodily part or the other.

 

XL-M   ‘SENSE/SENSATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. sense/sensation, “feel” / “feeling” [faculty/act of sensing + sensation itself]		1. examine via the senses [both act and result/outcome]
2. sensor / sensory organ [function + sensor itself]		2. sensor(y) device/instrument [both use and device itself]
3. imagine a sensation or feeling / imagined sensation or feeling [faculty/act of sensing + sensation itself]		3. create/induce a sensory experience [both act and result/outcome]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. to sense / act of sensing	1. a sensation, a feeling	1. examine via the senses [the act thereof]	1. resulting evidence of senses
2. sense faculty/ability	2. sensor(y) organ	2. sensor(y) device/instrument [the use thereof]	2. sensor(y) device or instrument [the device/instrument itself]
3. imagine a sensation/feeling	3. a mentally imagined sensation	3. create a sensory experience or feeling [the act thereof]	3. sensation/feeling as externally created/induced

 

XL-Ņ    ‘DEGREE OF BODILY SLENDERNESS/FATNESS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. degree of slenderness/fatness		same as INFORMAL stems except that degree of particular quality/property is unusual, abnormal, unexpected, or has been changed from expected norm
2. decrease in degree of slenderness/fatness; lose weight; become thin(ner); slenderize
3. increase in degree of slenderness/fatness; gain weight; become fat(ter); fatten up
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring specifically to physical size/girth/volume	Same as above 3 stems referring to psycho-physiological effect/impact

The stems of this root are commonly used with the SUF, EXD, FLC, PTW and Intensity affixes. 
MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES:  skinny, rail-thin, obese, plump

 

-M  - ‘DISEASE/DISORDER/MALADY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. chronic systemic illness/condition/ailment; to suffer from		1. acute abnormal/unhealthy condition/illness/malady/ailment; “come down with”
2. chronic illness/condition/ailment – infectious in origin; to suffer from a chronic infectious illness		2. infection; infect(ed), to “catch” a disease
3.  chronic illness/condition/ailment – ideopathic, genetic/neoplastic, or unknown origin		3. acute illness/condition/ailment – ideopathic, genetic/neoplastic, or unknown origin
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems w/ focus on underlying condition itself	same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical effect, impact, symptoms, manifestation	same as above 3 stems w/ focus on underlying condition itself	same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical effect, impact, symptoms, manifestation

The following roots follow the same pattern as the above:
PS-M  neurological
PL-M  neuro-muscular/myalgic disorder 
PŞ-M  cardio-vascular disorder 
KL-M peripheral nervous system disorder
KŠ-M  pulmonary disorder
KŞ-M  non-malignant tumorous/neoplastic disorder; non-cancerous growth 
ŠL-N  malignant tumorous /neoplastic disorder; cancer  SSD derivatives:
TL-M  genetic disorder 
ŢL-M  musculo-skeletal disorder 
ŠL-M  lower gastro-intestinal disorder; bowel problem 
PŠ-M  upper gastric disorder; throat/mouth disorder 
SL-N  mid gastric disorder; stomach/esophagal disorder 
KS-N  ocular/eye disorder 
PS-N  nasal disorder 
PŠ-N  mid/inner ear disorder; hearing problem 
PŞ-N  topical skin disorder 
KL-N invasive skin disorder 
KŠ-N auto-immune condition 
KŞ-N blood/hematological disorder 
PL-N  glandular/endocrine disorder 
TL-N  liver disorder  — SSD derivatives:
ŢL-N  cellular/metabolic disorder — SSD derivative: 1) diabetes (Type 2 only)
XL-N  inflammatory disorder
SL-M degenerative tissue disorder
FL-N physical brain disorder (i.e., discernible lesion) — SSD Derivatives:  general dementia, multi-infarct dementia, stroke
ŞL- M  mental disorder (i.e., no discernible lesion) — SSD Derivatives:  1) schizo-affective 2) sociopathic condition 3) schizophrenia 4) personality disorder 5) depression 6) dissociative disorder 7) manic condition, mania 8) unknown disorder 9) bipolar condition
ŞL- N  spinal condition or disorder
FL-M  back pain disorder (neuro-muscular, not spinal)

 

-Ņ    ‘GASTRONOMIC PAROXYSM’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [act + sound]		FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that the act/sound is deliberate (i.e., volitional)
2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [act + sound]
3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [act + sound]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [act]	1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [sound]
2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [act]	2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [sound]
3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [act]	3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [sound]

 

CLASS 5 ROOTS: concepts relating to communication, learning and language

K-L   ‘SPEAK/VOICE/ORAL SOUND/INTERPRETATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. vocal utterance / oral sound; utter		1. meaning or interpretation of vocal utterance; to mean or signify
2. talk / speak / spoken utterance [parole]		2. meaning or interpretation of word; to mean or signify
3. rhetorical utterance / express [langue]		3. meaning or interpretation of sentence or phrase; to mean or signify
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to physical production of sound	same as above 3 stems referring to communication/conveying of content	same as above 3 stems referring to objective meaning, signification or denotation	same as above 3 stems referring to subjective interpretation, connotation or “impact”

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: voice, (a) language, linguistic(s), yell, shout, cry, bark/meow/bleat/neigh, etc., [vocal] message, account, recount, story, tell, eloquence, glib(ness), smooth-talk, rhetoric, speech, dialect, slang

 

KŠ-L   ‘FOOL/CLOWN’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. fool(ish); dupe		1. town fool, village idiot
2. buffoon, laughingstock		2. clown
3. nerd, dweeb		3. jester
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems in non-serious context of “in fun” or “for laughs”	Same as above 3 stems in poignant, sorrowful, pathetic context	Same as above 3 stems in context of entertainment	Same as above 3 stems in context of parody or as a foil for society

 

Ķ-R  - ‘DESCRIPTION/ACCOUNT/STORY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. description/account; to describe, to informally communicate an account of something [process + contents]		1. narrative story; communicate a story [process + contents]
2. relate/report/recount = communication from memory or observations [process + contents]		2. recitation; recite (=communicate/describe from record or based on memorization) [process + contents]
3. historical narrative / historical account [work itself + contents]		3. fictional narrative / fictional story [work itself + contents]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to the process of describing/communi-cating	same as above 3 stems referring to content thereof	same as above 3 stems referring to the process of describing/communi-cating	same as above 3 stems referring to content thereof

 

P-L  - ‘SIGN/MARK/SYMBOL/VISUAL MEANS OF INDICATION/REPRESENTATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. sign, signal, gesture, indication (= general indication, not 2-D planar surface bearing graphic/written communication)		1. mark, token, single graphic representation
2. track, print, trail (=naturally produced bodily trace)		2. symbol, emblem, device, insignia
3. identifying characteristic or trait		3. formal representation
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to the indicator/sign itself	same as above 3 stems referring to content/meaning thereof	same as above 3 stems referring to the indicator/sign itself	same as above 3 stems referring to content/meaning thereof

 

T-L   ‘WRITE/INSCRIBE/DOCUMENT’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. inscribe [= make written symbol]; written symbol		1. written record / thing containing writing
2. write message; written content		2. document
3. “write” [= compose via writing] / to author		3. a writing / a written work
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to physical act of inscription	same as above 3 stems referring to communication/conveying of content	ame as above 3 stems referring to the physical document	same as above 3 stems referring to the content

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: book, treatise, manuscript, author, archive

 

T-R   ‘NAME/DESIGNATION/TITLE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. name + referent; to be named, to be called		1. title + referent
2. designation/reference + referent; refer to as		2. formal designation + referent
3. label / nickname + referent; to go by		3. role
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the reference	Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the referent	Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the reference	Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the referent

 

CLASS 6 ROOTS: concepts relating to the physical attributes of matter in general

H-Ġ ‘GAS / FLUME’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. cloud/flume of gas/vapor + gas/vapor itself		1. Same as INFORMAL Stem No. 1 but referring to substance in an abnormal solid or liquid state
2. cloud/flume of gas as derived from other substance + the derived gas itself		2. thing/object composed of gas + its function/purpose
3. source of a gas		3. status of substance/compound as being or not being in a gaseous state
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. cloud/flume of a gas or vapor	1. gas/vapor itself	1. substance in an abnormal solid (i.e., frozen) state	1. substance in an abnormal liquid state
2. cloud/flume of gas as derived from other substance	2. the derived gas itself	2. thing created, molded or manufactured from a gas	2. function/purpose of thing created, molded or manufactured from a gas
3.  natural source of a gas	3.  derived or artificially created source of gas	3. gaseous/vapor state	3. semi-gaseous state (combination or gaseous + non-gaseous state, e.g., as w/ CO2 vapor rising from dry ice)

 

L-B  DIMENSIONAL/SPATIO-TEMPORAL RELATIONS
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. degree of (static) dimensional property (e.g., short/long)		same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to an applied contextual gestalt (e.g., the vicinity, the depths, the expanse, the interregnum, the surroundings, the perimeter, etc.)
2. dynamic decrease in degree of dimensional property (e.g., shorten/ing)
3. dynamic increase in degree of dimensional property (e.g., lengthen/ing)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems applied to spatial context	same as above 3 stems applied to temporal context

The stems of this root are commonly used with the SUF, EXD, FLC, PTW and Intensity affixes. 
THE PATTERN FOR THIS ROOT IS APPLIED TO ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
T-B    ‘PROXIMITY/DISTANCE’
K-B    ‘LENGTH’
Ķ-B    ‘WIDTH (= “SLENDERNESS”)’
Q-B    ‘GIRTH (= 2-DIMENSIONAL X-PLANAR DIMENSION)’
P-B    ‘AMPLITUDE (= 2-DIMENSIONAL Z-PLANAR DIMENSION)’
C-B    ‘ “REACH” (= 2-DIMENSIONAL Y-PLANAR DIMENSION)’
Č-B    ‘DEPTH’
Ċ-B    ‘INTERVAL/GAP’
Ç-B    ‘VOLUME (= 3-DIMENSIONAL SIZE)’
Ņ-B    ‘SHARPNESS/DULLNESS OF A POINT’
M-B    ‘SHARPNESS/DULLNESS OF AN EDGE’
ST-B    ‘SPEED/VELOCITY/ACCELERATION’
Ŗ-B    ‘HEIGHT (= “TALLNESS” – RELATTIVE TO GRAVITY)
H-B    ‘FLATNESS/LEVELNESS (RELATIVE TO GRAVITY)’
KS-B    ‘PERIPHERY/CIRCLE/RING’
PL-B    ‘CONVEXITY/ROTUNDITY’
KŢ-B    CONCAVITY/DEPRESSION
S-B     ‘PERPENDICULARITY/UPRIGHTNESS’
Š-B     ‘PLANARITY/FLATNESS RELATIVE TO OBJECT ITSELF’
Ş-B    ‘STRAIGHTNESS/LINEARITY RELATIVE TO OBJECT ITSELF’
-B    ‘SPHERICALNESS/ROUNDNESS’
KL-B    ‘ “EVEN” (= SMOOTH-SURFACED IN PLANAR CONTEXT)’
TL-B     ‘ “EVEN” (= SMOOTH-EDGED IN LINEAR CONTEXT)’
XL-B    ‘RECTILINEAR/POLYHEDRAL/STRAIGHT-ANGLED’
Ļ-B    ‘ELASTICITY / STRETCH CAPACITY’

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: big/large, small/little, shrink, expand, grow, diminish, huge, immense, tiny, enormous, shallow

 

SX-B  ‘QUALITY OR PROPERTY OF MATTER’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. degree of quality/property of matter		same as INFORMAL stems except that degree of particular quality/property is unusual, abnormal, unexpected, or has been changed from expected norm
2. decrease in degree of quality/property of matter
3. increase in degree of quality/property of matter
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to organic-based substance	Same as above 3 stems referring to non-organic or synthetic substance

The stems of this root are commonly used with the SUF, EXD, FLC, PTW and Intensity affixes. 
PS-B      ‘THICKNESS (= VISCOSITY/RUNNINESS)
KŠ-B      ‘TENSENESS (= STRAIN)’
SL-B      ‘SOLIDITY/HOLLOWNESS (= PERMEABILITY)’
SP-B      ‘DURABILITY/FRAGILITY’ (= CAPACITY FOR BEING DAMAGED)
SŢ-B      ‘RESILIENCE/DELICATENESS’ (= CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY)
ŢL-B      ‘TENSENESS (= STRAIN)’
PŠ-B      ‘SMOOTHNESS/ROUGHNESS (= TACTILE COARSENESS)
FL-B      ‘FULLNESS/EMPTINESS’
Ţ-B    ‘FLEXIBILITY/RIGIDITY’
X-B    ‘HARD/SOFT (= MALLEABILITY)’
F-B    ‘TIGHTNESS/SLACK’ (= TAUTNESS)
R-B     ‘WEIGHT/MASS’

 

PL-D   ‘COLOR/HUE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. something having a color plus the color		same as INFORMAL stems but tinted/painted/stained, etc. to have other than its natural color
2. something light-colored plus the color
3. something dark-colored plus the color
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. something having a color	1. a color
2. something having a light color	2. a light color
3. something having a dark color	3. a dark color

NOTE: This stem patterns for the above root are a template for all other roots donating a specific color. The following root K-D ‘RED’ provides an example.

 

K-D   ‘RED’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. something red plus the color red		same as INFORMAL stems but referring to something tinted/painted/stained red
2. something light-red plus the color light-red
3. something dark-red plus the color light-red
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. something red	1. red
2. something light red	2. light red
3. something dark red	3. dark red

SIMILARLY: T-D  ‘BLUE’, N-D   ‘GREEN’, H-D  ‘YELLOW’, Q-D   ‘ORANGE’, L-D  ‘SKY BLUE’, F-D  ‘PINK’, Ç-D  ‘PURPLE’, R-D   ‘OCHRE’, Ķ-D  ‘ECRU’, Ţ-D  ‘BEIGE/TAN’, Ņ-D   ‘PEACH’, Ļ-D   ‘MAUVE’, Ŗ-D  ‘LAVENDER’, C-D   ‘BURGUNDY’, Ş-D   ‘TEAL’, -D   ‘TURQUOISE’, Š-D   ‘AQUAMARINE’, Č-D  ‘BROWN’, X-D   ‘WHITE’, M-D  ‘BLACK’, S-D  ‘GRAY’, P-D    ‘YELLOW-GREEN’, Ċ-D   ‘MAROON’
The -V1t’ affix provides the following distinctions for all color-stems: 1) extra light 2) pale (= mixed with gray) 3) clear, transparent 4) fluorescent 5) vibrant / bright 6) –ish 7) translucent 8) opaque 9) extra dark

 

XL-D   ‘WATER AS SUBSTANCE AND TOOL’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. (some) water; (be/make) wet / moist(en)		1. (some) water as component of life
2. (some) water in context of usage [both substance and use]		2. (some) water as nourishment; to consume/drink water
3. ice		3. (some) water as biological environment or medium
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. (some) water [substance itself]	1. degree of moisture [from water]	1. (some) water of one’s corporeal body	1. hydration; hydrate
2. water as “tool” (e.g., for washing, for powering a turbine, etc.)	2. wash, clean [with water]	2. act of drinking water; to drink water	2. to water (e.g., plants)
3. ice / freeze	3. float	3. (some) water from a natural environmental setting	3. to inhabit water / live in water / water-dwelling

EXAMPLE DERIVATIONS FROM THIS STEM: bathe, lave, submerge, sink, dunk, immerse, dry, drench(ed), irrigate, swim, the sea (as environment); dehydrate; thirst; freeze

 

KL-D   ‘WATER IN NATURAL MOTION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. a flow of water / to flow or run		1. river / to flow as a river / to run as a river
2. sprinkle / shower; to sprinkle or shower upon		2. rain(fall); to rain
3. cascade / pour [= free falling of water]		3. waterfall
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. water component of a flow of water	1. channel or course of a flow of water	1. water component of a river	1. channel or course of a river
2. water component of a sprinkle/shower	2. trajectory or course of a sprinkle/shower	2. water component of rain	2. “path” or course of a rain shower
3. water component of a cascade or pouring of water	3. trajectory or course of a pouring of water	3. water component of a waterfall	3. channel or “groove” of a waterfall

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: flood, downpour, to rain “cats and dogs”, brook, stream, rivulet, arroyo, floodplain

 

TL-D   ‘WATER IN STATIC SETTING’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. container of water		1. (standing) body of water
2. water/moisture located in confined space		2. ambient/atmospheric water/moisture
3. (something) imbued/drenched with water; waterlogged		3. artificial body of water (e.g., reservoir)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. some water in/from a container	1. holder/container which holds water	1. water component of a body of water	1. the basin or bed of a body of water
2. degree of moisture contained	2. the volume/space occupied by water/moisture	2. water/moisture in the air or atmosphere	2. volume of air(space) containing the water or moisture
3. the water imbued within an object, substance, or substrate	3. the object, substance or substrate imbued/soaked with water	3. water within an artificial body of water	3. the basis or bed of an artificial body of water, e.g., reservoir bed

MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS:  lake, pool, pond, tern, tank, sink, canteen, cistern, puddle, sea, ocean, water vapor

NOTE:  The above three roots associated with water, XL-D, KL-D and TL-D, form the patterns for three parallel roots referring to any liquid other than water:   SL-D,  PŢ-D and  PS-D, respectively.

 

M-G  ‘HORIZONTAL SUPPORTING SURFACE AGAINST GRAVITY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. “ground”/firmament		1. floor
2. table-like horizontal flat object / slab		2. table
3. shelf-like flat object		3. shelf
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to physical gestalt/shape/form	same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose as functional supporting surface against gravity	same as above 3 stems referring to physical gestalt/shape/form	same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose as functional supporting surface against gravity

 

L-G    ‘ARTICLE OF CLOTHING’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. piece of clothing as covering or fashion; to wear such		1. piece of clothing as part of uniform or costume; to wear such
2. piece of clothing as distinguishing marker or indicator of station; to wear such		2. part of uniform or costume as indicator of station/job; to wear such
3. piece of clothing as ornament or accessory; to wear such		3. part of uniform or costume as ornament; to wear such
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. piece of clothing as covering; to wear such	1. piece of clothing as fashion; to wear such	1. part of uniform as covering; to wear such	1. part of costume as covering; to wear such
2. piece of clothing as distinguishing marker; to wear such	2. piece of clothing as indicator of station; to wear such	2. part of uniform as indicator of station/job; to wear such	2. part of costume as indicator of station/job; to wear such
3. piece of clothing as ornament; to wear such	3. piece of clothing as accessory; to wear such	3. part of uniform as ornament; to wear such	3. part of costume as ornament; to wear such

THE STEM PATTERN OF THIS ROOT APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
P-G    ‘SHIRT/BLOUSE’
T-G     ‘PANTS’
Č-G   ‘COAT/JACKET’
Ķ-G    ‘GLOVE’
Q-G    ‘SCARF’
S-G   ‘HAT’
Š-G    ‘FOOTWEAR’
K-G    ‘LEGGING/SOCK’
Ç-G   ‘BELT’
X-G   ‘APRON’
PL-G   ‘COLLAR’
TL-G   ‘NECKTIE/CRAVATTE
KL-G   ‘HELMET’
Ţ-G   ‘SKIRT/KILT’
F-G   ‘DRESS’
PS-G   ‘VEIL’
KS-G   ‘SARI’
Ċ-G   ‘TUNIC’
Č-G   ‘ROBE(S)/TOGA’

 

Ļ-G   ‘PLANETARY BODY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. planet/planetary body		1. The Earth/Terra
2. moon/satellite of planetary body		2. The Moon/Luna
3. other spatial body		3. artificial satellite
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body	Same as above 3 stems referring to human interaction with (i.e., sighting, influence by, speculation upon, contact with, experimentation involving, etc.)	Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body	Same as above 3 stems referring to human interaction with (i.e., sighting, influence by, speculation upon, contact with, experimentation involving, etc.)

SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 3:  asteroid, comet, cosmic dust, cosmic gas, cosmic ray, component of Oort Cloud, cosmic string, quantum filament

N-Ġ ‘LIQUID/FLUID’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. drop of liquid/fluid + liquid/fluid itself		1. Same as INFORMAL Stem No. 1 but referring to substance in an abnormal solid or gaseous state
2. drop of liquid/fluid as derived from other substance + the derived liquid subtance itself		2. thing/object composed of liquid + its function/purpose
3. source of a liquid/fluid		3. status of substance/compound as being or not being in a liquid/fluid state
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. drop of liquid/fluid	1. liquid/fluid subtance itself	1. substance in an abnormal solid (i.e., frozen) state	1. substance in an abnormal gaseous state (i.e., vapor)
2. drop of liquid/fluid as derived from other substance	2. the derived liquid/fluid subtance itself	2. object created, molded or manufactured from a liquid	2. function/purpose of object created, molded or manufactured from a liquid
3.  natural source of a liquid/fluid	3.  derived or artificially created source of a liquid or fluid	3. liquid/fluid state	3. viscous state (quasi-liquid but able to be deformed/shaped; semi-solid)

The stem pattern above also applies to the root P-Ġ  ‘liquid chemical’.

 

R-G   ‘LIGHT / RADIANT ENERGY’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. ray of sunlight		1. ray of radiant light or energy (non-solar)
2. the Sun / Sol		2. flame / “tongue” of fire
3. star		3. artificial source of light or energy
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. light from a ray of sunlight	1. heat from a ray of sunlight	1. ray of light (non-solar)	1. ray of energy/heat (non-solar)
2. the Sun as light source	2. the Sun as energy/heat source	2. ray of firelight	2. flame as energy/heat source
3. starlight	3. energy of a star	3. lamp light / light from artificial source	3. energy/heat from artificial energy/heat source

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: fire, sunshine, illuminate, light a fire, flare (up), lamp, fireplace; galaxy, heater, to warm, warmth, to cook [= transform by heat], to melt, to smelt, to expose [via illumination], burn

 

SP-G   ‘ROCK/MINERAL-BASED SOIL/GROUND’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. stone [as substance/material or substrate/ground]		1. rock(y) [= specific natural embodiment of stone]
2. sand [as substance/material or substrate/ground]		2. gravel
3. clay [as substance/material or substrate/ground]		3. lava [w/ CPT = volcanic rock/lava-based rock]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on substance	Above 3 stems used to identify material nature of the substrate, ground or firmament	Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on substance	Above 3 stems used to identify material nature of the substrate, ground or firmament

T-Ġ   ‘(QUASI-)SOLID SUBSTANCE (i.e., non-liquid & non-gaseous)’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. elemental/fundamental manifestation (e.g., chunk, drop, flume, bit, piece, etc.) of a (quasi-)solid material substance/compound + substance/compound itself		1. Same as INFORMAL Stem No. 1 but referring to substance in an abnormal liquid or gaseous state
2. elemental/fundamental manifestation (e.g., chunk, drop, flume, bit, piece, etc.) of a substance/compound derived from a another subtance +  the derived substance itself		2. thing/object composed of a (quasi-)solid material substance/compound + its function/purpose
3. source of a (quasi-)solid material substance / compound		3. status of substance/compound as being or not being (quasi-) solid
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. elemental manifestation (e.g., chunk, drop, flume, bit, piece, etc.) of a material substance	1. substance/compound itself	1. substance in an abnormal liquid state	1. substance in an abnormal gaseous state
2.  elemental manifestation (e.g., chunk, drop, flume, bit, piece, etc.) of a substance/compound derived from refinement, distillation or processing of material substance or compound	2. derived substance / compound itself	2. object created, molded or manufactured from a material substance	2. function/purpose of object created, molded or manufactured from a material substance
3. natural source of a (quasi-)solid material substance / compound	3. derived or artificially created source of a (quasi-) solid material substance / compound	3. solid (= hard to the touch)	3. quasi-solid (= non-gaseous and non-liquid but not hard; able to be deformed by touch)

 

CLASS 7 ROOTS: spatial concepts, form and motion

Ċ-Ļ   ‘THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPHEROID SHAPES/FORMS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. sphere(oid) [rigid or solid]		1. ball-like form [flexible/mutable or hollow]
2. ovoid / elliptoid / round [rigid or solid]		2. ovoid /elliptoid / round [flexible/mutable or hollow]
3. torus / toroid (hoop/ring-like form with circular/elliptical/oval cross-section) [rigid or solid]		3. torus / toroid [flexible/mutable or hollow]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form	Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

 

F-Ç   ‘COMPONENTIAL PART OF WHOLE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. component/part of something + its function/purpose		Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to a separable/detachable component/part, as opposed to INFORMAL stems which refer to an inalienable or integrated component/part
2. appearance/condition of component/part + its function/purpose
3. component/part as seen in relation to the greater whole
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. component/part itself	1. function/purpose of component/part
2. phsycial appearance/condition of component/part	2. impact/effect of component’s/part’s condition on its function/purpose
3. component/part itself as seen in relation to the greater whole	3. function/purpose of component/part itself in relation to the greater whole

THE ABOVE PATTERN APPLIED TO FOLLOWING ROOTS
Ţ-Ç    ‘front [relative to directional orientation or primary interface]’
Ç-Ç   ‘rear, back part of [relative to directional orientation or primary interface]’
X-Ç   ‘side/flank, lateral area’
-Ç   ‘middle, center (as seen perpendicular to long axis of entity)
S-Ç   ‘middle, center (as seen parallel to long axis of entity)
Ş-Ç   ‘top, peak, summit’
SP-Ç   ‘bottom, lowest part of, foundation’
ST-Ç   ‘upper part or “half”’
SK-Ç   ‘lower part or “half”’
SF-Ç   ‘edge’
SŢ -Ç   ‘interior, inner/internal part of, insides, innards’
SX-Ç   ‘exterior, outer/external part of, outside, “skin”’

 

F-Ļ   ‘VERTICAL ELEVATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. level [= relative vertical elevation]		Same as INFORMAL stems but as applied to buildings and other architectural forms/constructs
2. layer/stratum
3. degree of size/expanse of level relative to adjacent or surrounding level
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. low spot in relative elevation	1. high spot in relative elevation
2. low-layered; deep	2. upper-layered; shallow
3. plateau-like level, abuttmant; loft-like	3. ridge-like formation; crest-like formation

 

H-F   ‘PATH-ORIENTED TRANSLATIVE MOTION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. move from one place to another; translative motion (i.e., motion from one place toward another)		1. journey; to travel, traverse, to journey
2. course/way/route/trajectory followed between two points		2. route travelled/traversed on journey
3. move between two points; motion along path from one point to another; to cross/go across from one side to another		3. travel between two points / make a crossing / travel across
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. motion “outward”; go	1. motion “inward”; come	1. go travelling / be off	1. journey toward
2. movement away; go away (= increase distance between two objects)	2. close in / get close(r) (= decrease distance between two objects)	2. travel further away from	2. reach vicinity of / close in on
3. leave (= move away from one point toward some distant point)	3. approach (= approach one point from direction of some distant point)	3. departure; depart	3. arrival; arrive / reach destination

Morphological derivations:  sojourn, set off / set out, set in motion; self-directed movement
THE PATTERN FOR THE ABOVE ROOT IS APPLIED TO ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
P-Ţ   ‘VERTICAL MOTION / ASCENT & DESCENT / UP & DOWN’
S-Ţ    ‘OBLIQUE VERTICAL MOTION’
L-Ţ   ‘PLANAR RANGE OF MOTION’ (= randomly directed movement within/throughout 2-dimensional horizontal plane)
T-Ţ   ‘VERTICAL RANGE OF MOTION’ (= randomly directed movement within/throughout 2-dimensional vertical plane)
SK-Ţ   ‘GENERIC OR OBLIQUE 3-DIMENSIONAL RANGE OF MOTION/3-DIMENSIONAL PERVASIVE MOVEMENT / MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT 3-D VOLUME’
N-Ţ     ‘LINEAR/HORIZONTAL MOTION ALONG Y-AXIS RELATIVE TO TOPICAL REFERENT’
Č-Ţ     ‘LINEAR/HORIZONTAL MOTION ALONG X-AXIS RELATIVE TO TOPICAL REFERENT’
KŢ-F   ‘CIRCULAR MOTION IN HORIZONTAL PLANE’
FL-F   ‘CIRCULAR MOTION IN VERTICAL PLANE’
ŠK-F   ‘GENERIC OR OBLIQUE CIRCULAR MOTION’
ŞQ-F   ‘SPIRAL MOTION ALONG HORIZONTAL PLANE’
ŢL-F   ‘SPIRAL MOTION ALONG VERTICAL PLANE’
ŞK-F   ‘GENERIC OR OBLIQUE SPIRAL MOTION’
KŢ-Ţ   ‘CIRCULAR VECTOR MOTION’ (i.e., “corkscrew” motion)
QŢ-Ţ   ‘SPIRAL VECTOR MOTION (i.e., corkscrew motion with increasing or decreasing amplitude)
X-Ţ     ‘ARC / PARABOLIC MOTION RELATIVE TO GRAVITY’
ST-Ţ   ‘CURVED MOTION / CURVE’
XL-F      ‘SWITCH BACK / VEER’
SL-F      ‘OBLIQUELY LINEAR  MOTION (relative to XYZ grid)
SP-F  ‘2-DIMENSIONAL EXTERNAL CIRCUMLATIVE MOTION / MOVEMENT AROUND/ALONG PERIPHERY OR OUTSIDE EDGE’ encircle, surround
Q-Ţ   ‘2-DIMENSIONAL INTERNAL CIRCUMLATIVE MOTION / MOVEMENT AROUND/ALONG BOUNDARY OR INSIDE EDGE’
KL-F  ‘3-DIMENSIONAL EXTERNAL CIRCUMLATIVE MOTION / MOVEMENT AROUND/ALONG PERIPHERY OR SURFACE OF’
SL-Ţ   ‘3-DIMENSIONAL INTERNAL CIRCUMLATIVE MOTION / MOVEMENT AROUND/ALONG INTERNAL 3-D BOUNDARY OF’

 

H-Ļ   ‘LONGITUDE / EAST-WEST’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. east-west axis/orientation/direction/areal designation		1. longitude
2. west axis/orientation/direction/areal designation		2. West longitude
3. east axis/orientation/direction/areal designation		3. East longitude
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. east-west axial direction or orientation	1. east-west geographical or geopolitical areal designation	1. meridian	1. zero meridian (Greenwich meridian)
2. west direction or orientation	2. west geographical or geopolitical areal designation	2. time zone	2. Western Hemisphere
3. east direction or orientation	3. east geographical or geopolitical areal designation	3. International Date Line	3. Eastern Hemisphere

 

K-Ļ   ‘LATITUDE / NORTH-SOUTH’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. north-south axis/orientation/direction/areal designation		1. latitude
2. north axis/orientation/direction/areal designation		2. north latitude
3. south axis/orientation/direction/areal designation		3. south latitude
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. north-south axial direction or orientation	1. north-south geographical or geopolitical areal designation	1. polar area	1. parallel [= line of latitude]
2. north direction or orientation	2. north geographical or geopolitical areal designation	2. north polar area (Arctic)	2. Northern Hemisphere
3. south direction or orientation	3. south geographical or geopolitical areal designation	3. south polar area (Antarctic)	3. Eastern Hemisphere

 

K-Ţ   ‘ANGULAR STRUCTURE / CORNER’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. (two-dimensional) angle		Same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to permanent, authoritative, formal contexts or to social or analogical contexts
2. (three-dimensional) vertex
3. angle-based constraint on access or movement
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. interior angle of two-dimensional surface or analog	1. exterior corner/vertex of two-dimensional surface or analog
2. interior vertex/corner of three-dimensional space	2. exterior corner/vertex of three dimensional space
3. corner as constraint	3. corner as opportunity for choice of movement

 

KL-Ç   ‘THREE-DIMENSIONAL BLOCK-LIKE SHAPES/FORMS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. cube [solid volume]		Same as INFORMAL stems but as outline edges/frame only, not as solid volumes
2. rectilinear block [solid volume]
3. disc
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

 

M-Ļ  ‘CURVATURE/BENDING/OPEN LINEAR FORMS OR SHAPES’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. linear curve/curl/bent line at obtuse/open angle or tangential rate [the line itself + object manifesting such a line]		1. obtuse angle [degree of size/openness + object or bounded space manifesting such an angle]
2. linear curve/curl/bent line at acute/sharp angle or tangential rate [the line itself + object manifesting such a line]		2. acute angle [degree of size/narrownness + object or bounded space manifesting such an angle]
3. linear curve based on mathematical function (e.g.,  algebraic or logarithmic) [the line itself + object manifesting such a line]		3. mathematically determined form made of lines (e.g., polygon, quadrilateral, etc.) [pattern + object having the pattern]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. linear curve/curl/bent line at obtuse/open angle or tangential rate [the line itself]	1. object manifesting a linear curve/curl/bent line at obtuse/open angle or tangential rate	1. obtuse angle [in reference to its size, i.e., degree of openness]	1. obtuse angled object or bounded space
2. linear curve/curl/bent line at acute/sharp angle or tangential rate [the line itself]	2. object manifesting a linear curve/curl/bent line at acute/sharp angle or tangential rate	2. acute angle [in reference to its size, i.e., degree of narrowness]	2. acute angled object or bounded space
3. linear curve based on mathematical function (e.g.,  algebraic or logarithmic) [the line itself]	3. object manifesting a linear curve based on mathematical function (e.g.,  algebraic or logarithmic)	3. mathematically determined form made of lines [the pattern]	3. object manifesting a mathematically determined form made of lines

Morphological Derivatives:  fold, bend, pleat, zig-zag/“sawtooth”/serrated pattern, undulate/undulation, S-curve, wave(s)/wavy, bent, crooked, jagged, serrated, curvature
The above root use PHASE and the iterative series of affixes to specify extent/number/pattern of folds.
SSD Derivatives for INFORMAL Stem 3:  parabola, hyperbola, exponential curve

 

M-Ţ    ‘ACCESS/PASSAGE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. access point / passage; pass through, access		1. doorway (= the access portal itself, not the door which opens/closes off access)
2. passage or infiltration of one substance into another		2. gateway / portal
3. filter / screening [selective access]		3. checkpoint
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. enter / go in / pass within / ingress	1. exit / go out / egress	1. enter (through primary/official entrance/access portal)	1. exit (through primary/official entrance/access portal)
2. infiltrate / imbue / immerse	2. emit / dispense	2. receive (= welcome) ; reception	2. remove / dispel
3. filter through	3. filter out	3. admittance; admit	3. oust / eject

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: door, gate, let in, insert, introduce, take out, remove, penetrate, emanate, emerge

 

N-Ļ  ‘PRESSURE-BASED or REACTION-BASED or GRAVITATION-BASED EQUILIBRIUM/MOTION/PROPULSION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. something hovering or floating; for something to hover, float, or be suspended upon (based on equilibrium, via pressure or volume-dispersion, against other medium such as air, water, gas, vapor, etc.) [both the object hovering/suspended + the act of suspension/hovering/floating]		The Formal stems for this root are identical to the Informal roots in meaning, with the distinction of referring specifically to man-made, mechanical means/vehicles/vessels or contexts involving reaction-based (i.e., fuel-driven) propulsion, as opposed to the naturally occurring or non-mechanical contexts implied by use of the Informal stems.
2. something hovering or floating; for something to hover, float, or be suspended upon (based on gravitational equilibrium or nullification, e.g. at the top of an arc of trajectory or at a La Grange point) [both the object hovering/suspended + the act of suspension/hovering/floating]
3. something in orbit around another body; to orbit [both the object hovering/suspended + the act of suspension/hovering/floating]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as the above 3 stems but with specific reference to the object which hovers, floats, or is suspended	Same as the above 3 stems but with specific reference to the act or state of hovering, floating, or suspension

NOTE: this root was added to the lexicon on December 23, 2009

 

P-Ç   ‘INVERSION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. orientational inversion		FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that context is formal/authorized/permanent/abstract as described in Sec. 3.7
2. unidirectional topological inversion [= mirror-image]
3. three-dimensional topological inversion [= inside-out]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. orientational inversion along y-axis [= backwards]	1. mirror-image inversion along x-axis [= lateral/sideways]
2. mirror-image inversion along y-axis [= backwards]	2. orientational inversion along z-axis [= upside down]
3. orientational inversion along x-axis [= lateral/sideways]	3. mirror-image inversion along z-axis [= upside down]

 

P-Ļ    ‘RECLINE / PRONE POSITION OR ORIENTATION / HORIZONTALITY
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. recline(d) / prone position (relative to long axis of object) / lie (down) / lay (out)		1. horizontal (relative to gravity or plane of the earth’s surface) / orientation perpendicular to direction of gravity
2. recumbent position / position of relaxation relative to gravity --> sprawl, loll		2. occupying position of maximum repose or having a positional or dynamic orientation based on the path of least resistance relative to gravity
3. flush / flat against / position or orientation level with some flat or even firmament / lay flat		3. flatten(ed); collapse(d) or configure(d) to minimum height perpendicular to background firmament
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself	same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position	same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself	same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

 

SF-Ļ   ‘QUASI-TWO-DIMENSIONAL SHAPES/FORMS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. strip [solid/rigid]		1. ribbon-like shape [flexible]
2. plane/planar [solid/rigid]		2. sheet-like shape [flexible]
3. tube/cylinder/cylindrical [solid/rigid]		3. tube-like shape [flexible]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form	Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

 

SK-F    ‘SPATIAL ORIENTATION / POSITION / DIRECTION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. general spatial position [currently or within context of utterance]; be situated at		1. specific spatial position at “end point”; be situated at “end point” of
2. general orientation (along or relative to directional axes); to “face” [toward]		2. specific orientation toward “end point” of; to “face” squarely
3. general direction/axis of movement; direct/move along axis of		3. specific direction/axis of movement toward “end point” of; to head straight for
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. general position toward “one side” of opposed spatial points	1. general position toward “other side” of opposed spatial points	1. specific position at “one end” of opposed spatial points	1. specific position at “other side” of opposed spatial points
2. general orientation toward “one side” of opposed spatial points	2. general orientation toward “other side” of opposed spatial points	2. specific orientation toward “one end” of opposed spatial points	2. specific orientation toward “other end” of opposed spatial points
3. general direction toward “one side” of opposed spatial points	3. general direction toward “other side” of opposed spatial points	3. specific direction toward “one end” of opposed spatial points	3. specific direction toward “other end” of opposed spatial points

THE ABOVE PATTERN OF STEMS IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING 3-DIMENSIONAL NOTATIONAL SCHEMA:
-X = LEFT, +X = RIGHT
-Y = BEHIND, +Y = AHEAD
-Z = BELOW, + Z = ABOVE
0 = LEVEL WITH OR IN LINE WITH SPECIFIC X, Y, OR Z AXIS
PL-F   ‘+X/+Y/+Z’
Ņ-F    ‘+X/+Y/-Z’
R-F    ‘+X/-Y/+Z’
Ŗ-F    ‘+  X/-Y/-Z’
Ļ-F    ‘-X/+Y/+Z’
PS-F    ‘-X/+Y/-Z’
KS-F    ‘-X/-Y/+Z’
PŢ- F    ‘-X/-Y/-Z’
Ķ-F   ‘+X/+Y/0’
K-F    ‘+X/-Y/0’
Q-F    ‘-X/+Y/0’
M-F    ‘-X/-Y/0’
F-F    ‘+X/0/+Z’
Ţ-F    ‘+X/0/-Z’
Ç-F    ‘-X/0/+Z’
-F    ‘-X/0/-Z’
S-F    ‘0/+Y/+Z’
Ş-F    ‘0/+Y/-Z’
C-F    ‘0/-Y/+Z’
Ċ-F    ‘0/-Y/-Z’
Č-F    ‘+X/0/0’
Š-F    ‘-X/0/0’
L-F     ‘0/+Y/0’
N-F     ‘0/-Y/0’
P-F     ‘0/0/+Z’
T-F     ‘0/0/-Z’
SK-F    ‘0/0/0’
SF-F   ‘POSITION BETWEEN / AMIDST / AMONG [linear unidimensional context, e.g., between two others in a queue]
ŠL-F   ‘POSITION BETWEEN / AMIDST / AMONG [planar 2-dimensional context, e.g., among others in a crowded room]
ŠP-F   ‘POSITION BETWEEN / AMIDST / AMONG [volume-based 3-dimensional context, e.g., sky crowded with balloonists]
ŠT-F   ‘INTERTWINED/INTERMINGLED/INTERMIXED POSITION/STATE’ [individual components separable/extractable]
TL-F   ‘INTERTWINED/INTERMINGLED/INTERMIXED POSITION/STATE’ [individual components inseparable/mixed/permanently combined]

 

SL-Ç   ‘ONE-DIMENSIONAL (i.e., LINEAR) SHAPES/FORMS’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. point / dot [solid/fixed/rigid]		1. point / dot [flexible/movable/fluid]
2. line / linear [solid/fixed/rigid]		2. line / linear [flexible/movable/fluid] / string-like
3. hoop / ring [solid/fixed/rigid]		3. hoop / ring [flexible/movable/fluid] / loop
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form	Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

 

SP-Ţ   ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL OUTLINE SHAPES’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1.   generic 2-D outline shape (e.g., the shape of a close-course race-track, the outline of the shore of a lake, a drawing of a national border on a map, etc.)		1. 2-D outline shape generically distorted
2. generic 2-D outline horizontally elongated		2. 2-D outline shape obliquely elongated / skewed along one axis
3. generic 2-D outline vertically elongated		3. 2-D outline shape medially compressed, i.e., “squished/pinched in the middle”
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form	Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype	Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

The above root’s stem pattern is applied to all of the following roots:
XL-Ţ  : ‘square/rectangle/rhombus’
R-Ļ  :  ‘circle/ellipse’
PS-Ç  : ‘oval’
ŠF-Ţ   :  ‘egg-shaped’
Š-Ç  : ‘half-circle/semi-circle’
K-Ç  :  ‘sliver-moon shaped’
SX-Ţ  :  ‘irregular/amorphous outline’

 

ST-F    ‘FIT/HOLD/CONTAIN AS INTERNAL-EXTERNAL PARTITION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. holding area / containment area; hold/keep/contain		1. room, chamber
2. fit; to fit, contain (= have sufficient room for)		2. reside, situate; room as place of residence, quasi-permanent situation or default location
3. volume or boundary of containment area		3. room boundaries (i.e., walls, floor, ceiling)
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to the physical boundaries (“walls”) which define the containment area and prevent contents from leaking or escaping	same as above 3 stems referring to the space (“room”) within the holding area and protection of contents from external environment	same as above 3 stems referring to the room as a container separating inside from outside	same as abvoe 3 stems referring to the space within the room as shelter or sanctuary

SSD Derivatives for Formal Stem 3:  ceiling, wall, floor, dividing panel, piece of furniture serving to divide room space
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: house, building, cell, booth, closet; snug, snugness, loose, looseness, baggy, bagginess

 

ST-Ļ    ‘2-DIMENSIONAL CURVATURE/DISTORTION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. curve/curl/bent formation in 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the curvature itself + object manifesting such curvature]		1. volume of space defined/bounded by curvature or bending of a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the spatial volume itself + object manifesting such bounded space]
2. dimple/depression in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the depression itself + object manifesting the depression]		2. volume of space defined/bounded by a dimple or depression in a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the spatial volume itself + object manifesting such bounded space]
3. undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the distortion itself + object manifesting the distortion]		3.volume of space affected by the undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the spatial volume itself + object manifesting such bounded space]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. curve/curl/bent formation in 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the curvature itself]	1. object manifesting a curve/curl/bent formation in 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object	1. volume of space defined/bounded by curvature or bending of a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the spatial volume itself]	1. object manifesting a volume of space defined/bounded by curvature or bending of a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object
2. dimple/depression in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the depression itself]	2. object manifesting a dimple/depression in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object	2. volume of space defined/bounded by a dimple or depression in a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the spatial volume itself]	2. object manifesting a volume of space defined/bounded by a dimple or depression in a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object
3. undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the distortion itself]	3. object manifesting an undefined distortion, blurring or anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object	3.volume of space affected by the undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the spatial volume itself]	3. object manifesting a volume of space affected by the undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object

Morphological Derivatives:  crease, pleat, wrinkle(s), curl up, crumple(d), wad(ded), zig-zag, groove/furrow

Ş-Ţ   ‘EXTERIORITY / POSITION OR ORIENTATION OUTSIDE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. position/orientation somewhere outside (of), i.e., beyond or on other side of surface or boundary layer		1. the space beyond/outside/excluded from an interior space/compartment (e.g., of house, car, device, etc.)
2. position/orientation somewhere outside of (2-D context), i.e., beyond/outside the area defined by a boundary line		2. an external surface / functional planar area beyond/outside the boundaries of (e.g., the “out of bounds” area of a tennis court)
3. position/orientation somewhere outside of (3-D context), i.e., beyond/outside the volume set off by a boundary membrane, surface/wall, etc.		3. the space beyond/outside an interior volume / functional space outside the boundaries of
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems with focus on exterior position (i.e. position other than on outside surface of boundary between interior and exterior	same as above 3 stems with focus on position on exterior surface (i.e. position on outside surface of boundary between interior and exterior	same as above 3 stems with focus on exterior position (i.e. position other than on outside surface of boundary between interior and exterior	same as above 3 stems with focus on position on exterior surface (i.e. position on outside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

compare to root SX-Ç 

 

Š-Ţ    ‘PATH/WAY/COURSE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. course/way [taken]		1. route [taken]
2. [marked] path [taken]		2. road [taken]
3. trajectory; move(ment) along a trajectory / “sail” / arc		3. channel [taken]
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to the course/way/path/trajectory itself	same as above 3 stems referring to following or travelling along the course/path/trajectory	same as above 3 stems with focus on the route/road/channel itself	same as a stems with focus on following or travelling along the route/road/channel

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: walkway, sidewalk, highway, street, slide, tunnel, conduit

 

T-Ļ   ‘UPRIGHT POSITION OR ORIENTATION/VERTICALITY/PERPENDICULAR/PROTRUSION
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. upright/erect position or orientation (relative to long axis of object) / stand (up)		1. vertical (i.e., parallel to gravity or plane of earth’s surface)
2.  stick up or out/ protrude		2. occupying position of maximum contrast to a position of repose; position of maximum “alertness” or readiness or action
3. perpendicular / position or orientation at right angles  to background firmament (relative to long axis of object); be or stand on end		3. stretch(ed) outward; pull(ed) or configure(d) to maximum height perpendicular to background firmament
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself as an abstract concept	same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position	same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself as an abstract concept	same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

 

X-F   ‘AMBULATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. ambulate (as natural to specific species, e.g., walk, slither, fly, crawl, etc.)		1. “formal” ambulation, e.g., march, prance
2. rapid ambulation (as per specific species, e.g., run, gallop, scamper, scurry, etc.)		2. purposeful rapid ambulation, e.g., flee, race
3. unnatural or affected ambulation		3. deliberately unnatural or affected ambulation, e.g., swagger, saunter
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems referring to the nature of the bodily movement/gait	same as above 3 stems referring to  the translative/directional motion from one point toward another	same as above 3 stems referring to the nature of the bodily movement/gait	same as above 3 stems referring to  the translative/directional motion from one point toward another

EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: skip, shuffle, slink; lead, follow
SSD Derivatives:  1) swim on surface  2) swim/glide underwater 3) slither 4) crawl 5) walk  6) hop 7) jump/leap  8) swing (e.g., through trees, from vines, etc.)  9) fly

 

X-Ļ     ‘TERRAIN-BASED/GEOGRAPHICAL ELEVATION’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. relative elevation in comparison to other geological feature/terrain		FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that context is geo-political or in terms of formal property [geographic ownership]
2. geological layer/stratum
3. flatland area/plain
COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. v alley / geographic depression relative to surrounding terrain	1. hill / upland / raised geographic feature relative to surrounding terrain
2. deep underground	2. near-surface / shallow [in terms of depth underground]
3. plateau / raised flat-topped geographic feature relative to surrounding terrain	3. ridge / crest / flat-linear edge between different geographic/geologically-based elevations

 

X-Ţ   ‘INTERIORITY / POSITION OR ORIENTATION INSIDE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. position/orientation somewhere inside (of), i.e., underneath or on other side of surface or boundary layer		1. entirety of an interior space/compartment (e.g., of house, car, device, etc.)
2. position/orientation somewhere inside of (2-D context), i.e., within the area defined by a boundary line		2. entirety of an interior surface / functional planar area within the boundaries of
3. position/orientation somewhere inside of (3-D context), i.e., within the volume set off by a boundary membrane, surface/wall, etc.		3. entirety of an interior volume / functional space within the boundaries of
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
same as above 3 stems with focus on interior position (i.e. position other than on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior	same as above 3 stems with focus on position on interior surface (i.e. position on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior	same as above 3 stems with focus on interior position (i.e. position other than on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior	same as above 3 stems with focus on position on interior surface (i.e. position on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

compare to roots SŢ -Ç 

 

CLASS 8 ROOTS: taxonomies of organic life

The stem pattern of the following Class 8 Roots is identical to the pattern for the Class 4 Root N-N ‘FOOD PLANT’:
P-P   cabbage (plant/leaves of sp. Brassica oleracea capitata)
Ķ-P   lettuce (plant/leaves of genus Lactuca)
Ċ-P   spinach (plant/leaves of sp. Spinacia oleracea)
F-P     tea (plant/leaves of sp. Camellia sinensis)
ŠL-T  kelp (seaweed of orders Laminariales and Fucales)
QŢ-T    mustard (plant of sp. Brassica hirta / B. nigra / B. juncea)
Ţ-P   corn, maize (plant/seeds of sp. Zea mays)
KŢ-T    oat (plant/seed of genus Avena)
Ç-P   wheat (plant/seed of sp. Triticum aestivum)
PŢ-T    tobacco (plant/leaves of sp. Nicotiana tabacum)
SP-T    hemp, marijuana (plant/material of sp. Cannabis sativa)
ŞP-T    sesame (plant/seed of genus Sesamum)
M-P   pea (plant/seed of sp. Pisum sativum)
PS-P   bean (lima/snap/etc.: plant/seed of genus Phaseolus or similar)
ST-T    lentil (plant/seeds of sp. Lens culinaris)
ŞT-T    soya, soybean (plant/seed of sp. Glycine max)
PŞ -P   peanut (plant/seed/pod of sp. Arachis hypogaea)
S-P   rice (plant/seed of sp. Oryza sativa)
ŠT-T    pepper (hot/sweet/bell pepper -- plant/pod of genus Capsicum)
Ş-P   pepper (black -- plant/seed of sp. Piper nigrum)
SK-T    millet
ŞK-T    amaranth
ŠK-T    sorghum
SF-T    teff
ŞF-T    ginseng (plant/root of genus Panax)
KŠ-P   potato (plant/tuber of sp. Solanum tuberosum)
PŠ -P   carrot (plant/root of sp. Daucus carota sativus)
ŠF-T    yam, sweet potato
SX-T    garlic (herb of sp. Allium sativum)
Ŗ-P   onion (plant/bulb of sp. Allium sepa)
L-P   grape (plant/fruit of genus Vitis)
SŢ-T    tomato (plant/berry of genus Lycopersicon)
ŞŢ-T    squash, melon (plant/fruit of genus Cucurbita grown for edible fruit)
ŠŢ-T    gourd (plant/hard-rinded fruit of genera Lagenaria & Cucurbita)
ŞX-T    date (tree/fruit of sp. Phoenix dactylifera)
ŠX-T    cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Š-Q     bamboo (plant/stem of genera Bambusa / Arundinaria / Dendrocalamus)
N-Q      cork (tree/elastic tissue of sp. Quercus suber)
L-Q      cotton (plant/fibers of genus Gossypium)
H-Q      ginger (plant/rhizome of genus Zingiber)
Ņ-Q      mint (plant of family Labiatae)
Ŗ-Q      safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

 

P-T        ‘BRANCHED AND/OR LEAVED PLANT’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. genus of branched tree/bush and/or leaved plant		1. wood product
2. leaf		2. leaf product
3. bark		3. bark product
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. wood	1. seed/fruit/nut	1. wood as resource	1. seed/fruit as food or resource
2. root	2. flower/blossom	2. root as food or resource	2. flower as food or resource
3. branch	3. sap	3. branch as resource	3. sap product/syrup

SSD Suffix = -V1t’ used as follows: 1) meat of fruit, 2) seed within fruit, 3) rind, 4) juice, 5) flavor, 6) odor of fruit, 7) oil, 8) [unassigned/specific to individual root] 9) fermented juice, i.e., wine
THE ABOVE PATTERN IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
C-T       ‘BIRCH’
T-T       ‘SPRUCE’
Ķ -T       ‘CEDAR’
X-T       ‘OAK’
K-T       ‘PINE’
Ċ-T       ‘PALM’
F-T       ‘CHERRY’
Č-T       ‘WALNUT’
Ţ-T       ‘MAPLE’
Ç-T       ‘ASH’
       ‘CYPRESS’
S-T       ‘BEECH’
Ş-T       ‘MAHOGANY’
M-T       ‘COCONUT’
N-T       ‘EUCALYPTUS’
Ņ-T       ‘MAGNOLIA’
Š-T       ‘REDWOOD’
H-T       ‘LARCH’
L-T       ‘ELM’
Ļ-T       ‘FIG’
R-T       ‘BANANA’
Ŗ-T       ‘YEW’
PS-T       ‘ALMOND’
PŞ-T       ‘CHESTNUT’
PŠ-T       ‘ALDER’
KS-T       ‘OLIVE’
KŞ-T       ‘POPLAR’
TL-T       ‘PINEAPPLE’
KŠ-T       ‘APPLE’
PL-T       ‘ORANGE’
KL-T       ‘LEMON’
FL-T       ‘LIME’
ŢL-T       ‘PEAR’
XL-T       ‘PLUM’
SL-T       ‘PEACH’
ŞL-T       ‘TANGERINE’
Q-T       ‘COFFEE’
ŠP-T      FLAX

 

Q-P   ‘INSECT’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. member of genus		1. membe r of genus as resource
2. male member of genus		2. male as resource
3. female member of genus		3. female as resource
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. wild member of genus	1. bred or domesticated member of genus	1. member of genus as food/prey	1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product
2. wild male member of genus	2. bred or domesticated male member of genus	2. male as food/prey	2. male as derived resource or processed product
3. wild female member of genus	3. bred or domesticated female member of genus	3. female as food/prey	3. female as derived resource or processed product

MAT Suffix –V0k used to indicate life stage: larvae/grub, chrysalis, cocoon, adult, etc.
SSD Suffix = -V1t’ used as follows: 1) egg, 2) wing, 3) oil/secretion, 4) silk/web, 5) skin/pellicle, 6) tail, 7) horn, 8) leg(s) 9) [open]
THE ABOVE PATTERN IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
ŠT-P      ‘BUMBLEBEE’
ST-P      ‘HONEYBEE’
SL-P      ‘ANT’
ŞL-P      ‘COCKROACH’
SX-P     ‘BUTTERFLY’
ŠX-P     ‘MOTH’
ŞT-P      ‘HOUSEFLY’
SK-P     ‘WASP’
ŞK-P     ‘HORNET’
SŢ-P     ‘GNAT’
ŠK-P     ‘MOSQUITO’
ŞŢ-P      ‘APHID’
SF-P      ‘FIREFLY’
ŠŢ-P      ‘FLEA’
ŠL-P      ‘BEETLE’
QŢ-P     ‘SPIDER’
ŠF-P      ‘TICK’
Ş-P       ‘TERMITE’
ŞF-P      ‘WATERBUG’
SP-P      ‘GRASSHOPPER’
ŠP-P      ‘LOCUST’
ŞX-P      ‘DRAGONFLY’
KŞ-P     ‘MANTIS’
PŢ-P    BLẠ-  ‘GENERIC CRAWLING BUG’
KŢ-P    GLẠ-  ‘GENERIC FLYING BUG’

 

SK-K     ‘GENERIC MAMMAL/AVIAN/REPTILE’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. member of mammalian/avian/reptilian genus		1. member of genus as resource
2. male member of genus		2. male as resource
3. female member of genus		3. female as resource
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. wild member of genus	1. bred or domesticated member of genus	1. member of genus as food/prey	1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product
2. wild male member of genus	2. bred or domesticated male member of genus	2. male as food/prey	2. male as derived resource or processed product
3. wild female member of genus	3. bred or domesticated female member of genus	3. female as food/prey	3. female as derived resource or processed product

MAT Suffix –V0k used to indicate life stage: e.g., foal, fawn, yearling, adult, etc.
SSD Suffix = -V1t’ used as follows: 1) egg, 2) milk, 3) oil/secretion/venom, 4) fat, 5) skin/hide, 6) tail, 7) tusk/horn, 8) fur/feathers 9) flesh/meat
THE ABOVE PATTERN IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
P-K      ‘HORSE’
T-K      ‘COW’
Ķ-K       ‘PIG’
C-K       ‘SHEEP’
F-K       ‘GOAT’
Ċ-K        ‘DEER’
K-K       ‘BISON/BUFFALO’
M-K       ‘CHICKEN’
Š-K        ‘DUCK’
PL-K         ‘GOOSE’
Ş-K         ‘SWAN’
Q-K        ‘TURKEY’
Ţ-K         ‘OSTRICH’
Ç-K         ‘DOLPHIN’
Č-K         ‘MULE’
X-K         ‘DONKEY’
         ‘ZEBRA’
XL-K         ‘LION’
L-K       ‘TIGER’
R-K        ‘BEAR’
S-K       ‘ELK’
Ņ-K      ‘MOOSE’
Ļ-K         ‘BOAR’
PS-K         ‘YAK’
KS-K         ‘CAMEL’
PŞ -K         ‘WALRUS’
Ŗ-K        ‘ELEPHANT’
PŠ-K         ‘GIRAFFE’
N-K         ‘CAT’
H-K         ‘DOG’
KŠ-K        ‘RABBIT’
TL-K        ‘CHIMPANZEE’
KŞ-K        ‘GORILLA’
ŢL-K        ‘LEMUR’
KL-K        ‘ORANGUTAN’
FL-K        ‘OTTER’
SL-K       ‘WHALE’
ŠL-K        ‘SEAL’
ŞX-K        ‘SEA LION’
PŢ-K        ‘ANTELOPE’
ŞL-K       ‘GAZELLE’
KŢ-K       ‘BABOON’
QŢ-K        ‘FOX’
SP-K       ‘WOLF’
ST-K        ‘COYOTE’
ŠP-K       ‘SKUNK’
SF-K         ‘PORCUPINE’
ŞP-K       ‘POSSUM’
ŞT-K         ‘KANGAROO’
SŢ-K       ‘MOUSE’
SX-K       ‘RAT’
SF-K      ‘LEOPARD’
ŠK-K      ‘CHEETAH’
ŠX-K        ‘PANTHER’
ŠF-K         ‘JAGUAR’
ŞF-K        ‘MOLE’
ŞK-K        ‘SQUIRREL’
ŞŢ-K        ‘VOLE’
ŠT-K         ‘CHIPMUNK’
ŠŢ-K        ‘SHREW’
P-Q        ‘ROBIN’
T-Q        ‘LARK’
F-Q        ‘SPARROW’
Ţ-Q        ‘OWL’
Ç-Q         ‘PIGEON’
Č-Q        ‘EAGLE’
Ċ-Q         ‘GULL’
Ķ-Q       ‘ALBATROSS’
C-Q        ‘HAWK’
Q-Q       ‘VULTURE’
K-Q        ‘PHEASANT’
S-Q        ‘NIGHTINGALE’
R-Q         ‘SNAKE’
TL-Q        ‘VIPER’
KS-Q       ‘COBRA’
PS-Q         ‘RATTLESNAKE’
SX-Q       ‘PYTHON’
SF-Q        ‘ASP’
SK-Q       ‘ALLIGATOR’
ST-Q         ‘CROCODILE’
PL-Q        ‘LIZARD’
KŞ-Q       ‘GILA MONSTER’
PŞ-Q        ‘IGUANA’
KŠ-Q        ‘FROG’
PŠ-Q        ‘TOAD’
KL-Q       ‘TURTLE’

 

T-P    ‘GENERIC WATERLIFE ’
INFORMAL Stems		FORMAL Stems
1. member of genus		1. member of genus as resource
2. male member of genus		2. male as resource
3. female member of genus		3. female as resource
COMPLEMENTARY Stems		COMPLEMENTARY Stems
1. wild member of genus	1. bred or domesticated member of genus	1. member of genus as food/prey	1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product
2. wild male member of genus	2. bred or domesticated male member of genus	2. male as food/prey	2. male as derived resource or processed product
3. wild female member of genus	3. bred or domesticated female member of genus	3. female as food/prey	3. female as derived resource or processed product

SSD Suffix = -V1t’ used as follows: 1) egg, 2) meat, 3) skin/shell, 4) fluid/ink, 5) smoked meat, 6) as bait, 7) as fodder, 8) as ingredient in food or as fishmeal 9) cooked meat
THE ABOVE PATTERN IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
N-P      ‘OCTOPUS’
X-P      ‘SQUID’
R-P      ‘EEL’
Ş-P      ‘LAMPREY’
Ņ-P      ‘RAY’
K-P      ‘SHARK’
XL-P     ‘CLAM’
FL-P     ‘SCALLOP’
PL-P      ‘MUSSEL’
ŢL-P      ‘CRAB’
TL-P      ‘SHRIMP/PRAWN’
KL-P     ‘LOBSTER’
       ‘TROUT’
H-P       ‘TUNA’
Ļ-P       ‘COD’
Ç-P       ‘BASS’
C-P     ‘PIKE’