BÀ - ‘BODILY JOINT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. bodily joint (physical joint + function); flex joint

1. specialized bodily joint/juncture

2. ball & socket-type bodily joint

2. vertebra

3. standard-type joint

3. wrist/ankle/waist (lateral circular joint type)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to external hard or knob-like external body part

Same as above 3 stems referring to internal joint and its function/process

Same as above 3 stems

Same as above 3 stems

ČÀ- ‘HEAR(ING)/SOUND’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. hear a sound; aural faculty + sound heard; an act of hearing a sound

1. listen to a (specific) sound / discern aurally a (specific) sound

2. ear (aural organ + physical part of body, i.e., Spanish oído + oreja)

2. aural instrument / device for detecting sound waves + sound detected

3. imagine a sound (act + sound)

3. create or manufacture an odor + odor created

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. to hear; aural faculty

1. sound

1. listen

1. (selected) sound

2. ear (aural organ)

2. ear (body part)

2. aural instrument

2. sound detected via aural instrument

3. imagine a sound / hear in one’s mind

3. imagined sound

3. create or manufacture a sound

3. sound created

DÀ-  ‘TYPES OF HARD OR NON-LIVING BODILY TISSUES’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. tooth

1. head hair

2. fingernail/toenail/claw

2. whisker / facial hair

3. hard growth of skin (e.g., wart, corn, callus, bunion, scar)

3. pubic/armpit hair

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical tissue itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose, or effect/impact

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical tissue itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose, or effect/impact

DÈ-  ‘HAND’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. hand (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “hand” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. hand (as holder, grasper, striker) [both physical body part and function]; to grasp-->hold

3. leg (as manipulator, handler, feeler) [both physical body part and function]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. hand as physical body part

1. function of hand as “feeler”- focuser of body’s tactile sense

2. hand as main tool of body

2. function of hand as holder/grasper

3. hand as limb/extension

3. function of hand as manipulator/handler

DYÙ- ‘SENSE/SENSATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sense/sensation, “feel” / “feeling” [faculty/act of sensing + sensation itself]; an act of sensing something

1. examine via the senses [both act and result/outcome]

2. sensor / sensory organ [function + sensor itself]

2. sensor(y) device/instrument [both use and device itself]

3. imagine a sensation or feeling / imagined sensation or feeling [faculty/act of sensing + sensation itself]

3. create/induce a sensory experience [both act and result/outcome]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. to sense / act of sensing

1. a sensation, a feeling

1. examine via the senses [the act thereof]

1. resulting evidence of senses

2. sense faculty/ability

2. sensor(y) organ

2. sensor(y) device/instrument [the use thereof]

2. sensor(y) device or instrument [the device/instrument itself]

3. imagine a sensation/feeling

3. a mentally imagined sensation

3. create a sensory experience or feeling [the act thereof]

3. sensation/feeling as externally created/induced

ĐÀ - ‘GENDER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. gender

1. psycho-sexual identity

2. neuter

2. asexual / psychologically neuter

3. androgynous

3. sexual preference/orientation

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. male (anatomically)

1. female (anatomically)

1. masculine (psycho-behaviorally)

1. feminine (psycho-behaviorally)

2. sterile (incapable of procreation)

2. genderless (neither male nor female anatomically)

2. celibate/chaste

2. asexual; devoid of sexual desire

3. androgyne / androgynous (difficultyfor others to determine gender)

3. hermophrodite / hermophroditic (anatomically both male & female)

3. sexual preference or orientation psychologically

3. sexual orientation in actuality (as manifested)

DLÀ - ‘PREGNANCY/GESTATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. pregnancy/gestation

Same as INFORMAL stems but referring exclusively to human pregnancy/gestation

2. manifestation of morning sickness

3. contraction during labor

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical condition/state
 

Same as above 3 stems referring to psycho-physiological effect/impact

FÀ- ‘BODY PART’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. body part/component  (e.g., appendage, section, organ, gland, tissue, fluid, etc.)

1. bodily tissue/flesh/sinew

2. bodily organ

2. secondary organ/gland

3. bone

3. bodily fluid/secretion

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function

FÙ ‘COUSIN’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. cousin [male or female]

1. step-cousin [male or female]

2. male cousin

2. male step-cousin

3. female cousin

3. female step-cousin

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s mother]

1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s father]

1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s stepmother]

1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s stepfather]

2. male cousin [related through one’s mother]

2. male cousin [related through one’s father]

2. male cousin [related through one’s stepmother]

2. male cousin [related through one’s stepfather]

3. female cousin [related through one’s mother]

3. female cousin [related through one’s father]

3. female cousin [related through one’s stepmother]

3. female cousin [related through one’s stepfather]

GÀ- ‘ABDOMEN/THORAX/TORSO/CHEST’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. thorax/torso [both body part and function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “mid-section” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. abdomen/midsection (lower front half of torso) [both body part and function]

3. chest (upper front of torso) [both  body part and function)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part

Same as above 3 stems referring to function

GLÀ - ‘NECK’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. neck (as gestalt entity) [body part + function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “neck” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, complex 3-dimensional form, plant, etc.

2. neck (as bodily support/swivel point for head) [body part + function

3. neck (as narrowest, most vulnerable body part) [body part + function]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. neck as physical body part

1. neck as functional body part

2. neck as bodily support/swivel point for head

2. neck as functional support/swivel point for head

3. neck as physically narrowest, most vulnerable body part)

3. neck as functionally narrowest, most vulnerable body part

GÙ- ‘STATE OF HEALTH/ILLNESS/WELL-BEING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. state of physical health / physical well-being

1. state of mental health / mental well-being

2. physical illness; sick(ness)

2. mental illness

3. physical injury/wound/lesion/trauma

3. mental trauma

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effect

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on cause

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effect

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on cause

GYÀ - ‘MISCELLANEOUS BODY PARTS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. buttock

1. haunch

2. breast/teat

2. snout/proboscis

3. navel

3. fin

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose or impact/effect

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose or impact/effect

GYÙ- ‘SPECIALIZED VOLITIONAL BODILY SOUNDS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. non-linguistic sound made by mouth (i.e., tongue, teeth, lips)

1.  consonant

2. non-linguistic sound made from throat or vocal chords

2. vowel

3. sound made by non-oral, non-vocal part of the body

3. phoneme

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to act of producing the sound

Same as above 3 stems referring to the sound itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to act of producing the sound

Same as above 3 stems referring to the sound itself

JÀ- ‘BACK/DORSAL AREA OF BODY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. back/dorsal area (both body part and function)

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to the dorsal area of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. lower back/dorsal area (both body part and function)

3. upper back & shoulder blade area

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part

Same as above 3 stems referring to function

JÈ- ‘IN-LAW/FOSTER RELATIONS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of parent/child in-law relationship

1. member of foster family

2. male member of parent/child in-law relationship

2. male member of foster family

3. female member of parent/child in-law relationship

3. female member of foster family

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. parent in-law

1. child in-law

1. foster parent

1. foster child

2. father in-law

2. son in-law

2. foster father

2. foster son

3. mother in-law

3. daughter in-law

3. foster mother

3. foster daughter

KÀ- ‘HIGHER ORDER ANIMAL LIFE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. higher order being (i.e., large bilateral vertebrate with discrete organs)

1. authorized or officially designated person or animal/beast

2. human, person

2. official, authorized person

3. non-human higher order being or animal, beast

3. pet or zoo animal/beast

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. male higher order being

1. female higher order being

1. authorized male animal/ or officially designated man or beast

1. authorized or officially designated woman or female animal/ beast

2. human male, man

2. human female, woman

2. official, authorized man

2. official, authorized woman

3. male higher order animal or beast

3. female higher order animal or beast

3. male pet or zoo animal/beast

3. female pet or zoo animal/beast

KMÈ- ‘NUCLEAR FAMILY MEMBER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. nuclear family member

1. non-sanguine family member

2. male family member

2. non-sanguine male family member

3. female family member

3. non-sanguine female family member

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. parent

1. child/offspring

1. step-parent

1. step-child

2. father

2. boy child / son

2. step-father

2. step-son

3. mother

3. girl child / daughter

3. step-mother

3. step-daughter

KMÙ- ‘LOWER ORDER LIFE FORM’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. lower-order life form (i.e. non-vertebrate)

same as INFORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, fuel, material, etc.)

2. microbe

3. non-microbial animal

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. bacterium

1. soft-bodied animal (e.g., jellyfish, sponge, slime mold)

2. virus

2. exoskeletal animal (e.g., insect, arthropod, crustacean)

3. protist

3. endoskeletal animal

LÙ ‘SIBLING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sibling

1. step-sibling

2. brother

2. step-brother

3. sister

3. step-sister

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. half-sibling [shared mother]

1. half-sibling [shared father]

1. step-sibling [stepmother is mother of other sibling]

1. step-sibling [stepfather is father of other sibling]

2. half-brother [shared mother]

2. half-brother [shared father]

2. step-brother [stepmother is mother of other sibling]

2. step-brother [stepfather is father of other sibling]

3. half-sister [shared mother]

3. half-sister [shared father]

3. step-sister [stepmother is mother of other sibling]

3. step-sister [stepfather is father of other sibling]

MÈ-‘CLASSES OF ANIMAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. animal of land or air (i.e., “terroid”)

Same as INFORMAL holistic stems but domesticated, tamed, captive, or bred

2. waterlife (i.e., “aquoid”)

3. amphibian

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems but domesticable

same as above 3 stems but undomesticable

same as above FORMAL stems but as pets or tamed

same as above FORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, breeding stock, etc.)

MLÙ- ‘CLASSES OF WATERLIFE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. skeletal/vertebral waterlife form

Same as INFORMAL holistic stems referring to tamed, domesticated, bred, etc. individual

2. exoskeletal/arthropod form

3. soft-bodied waterlife form

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. jellyfish-like lifeform

1. gilled/finned fish

Same INFORMAL complementary stems referring to tamed, pet, domesticated, bred, etc. individual

2. crustacean

2. “non-standard”-shaped fish (e.g., ray, eel, squid, octopus, etc.)

3. shellfish

3. sea mammal (e.g., whale, seal, walrus, etc.)

NÈ - ‘SENSE OF TASTE / THE TASTE OF SOMETHING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. to taste a taste (taste faculty + flavor tasted)

1. to taste for an anticipated/expected flavor

2. tongue/palate (tissue containing taste buds + taste buds themselves)

2. instrument/device for detecting flavor + flavor detected

3. imagine a taste (act + the flavor imagined)

3. create/manufacture a flavor + flavor created

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. to taste; faculty of taste

1. flavor

1. to taste

1.

2. tongue/palate  (as sensory organs of tasting)

2. taste bud

2. instrument for detecting flavor

2. flavor detected via instrument

3. imagine a taste in one’s mind

3. an imagined taste

3. create/manufacture a flavor

3. flavor created

PLÀ - ‘GASTRO-INTESTINAL/UROLOGICAL COMPONENT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. gastrointestinal component (body part + function)

1. urological component (body part + function)

2. gastrointestinal process / digestive process / digest(ion) (physical process + nutritive function

2. urological process (physical process + waste elimination function)

3. (amount/piece of) feces, dung, excrement

3. (an amount of) urine, piss, pee

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part/process  itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function

PŠÙ-  ‘RESPIRATORY PAROXYSM’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [act + sound]

FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that the act/sound is deliberate (i.e., volitional)

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [act + sound]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [act + sound]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [act]

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [sound]

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [act]

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [sound]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [act]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [sound]

PYÀ - ‘DEGREE OF BODILY SLENDERNESS/FATNESS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of slenderness/fatness

same as INFORMAL stems except that degree of particular quality/property is unusual, abnormal, unexpected, or has been changed from expected norm

2. decrease in degree of slenderness/fatness; lose weight; become thin(ner); slenderize

3. increase in degree of slenderness/fatness; gain weight; become fat(ter); fatten up

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring specifically to physical size/girth/volume

Same as above 3 stems referring to psycho-physiological effect/impact

RÀ-‘NUTRITION / NUTRITIONAL CONSUMPTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. food and drink; to eat and drink

1. eat a serving of food or drink; to dine

2. food; to eat

2. prepared/cooked food; to eat prepared food

3. drink (i.e., substance drunk); to drink

3. processed drink or spirits; to drink processed drink or spirits

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. eat and drink as biological process

1. food and drink (substances consumed)

same as abvoe 3 stems but with focus on the process of consumption

same as above 3 stems but with focus on the items consumed

2. eat/ingest/consume

2. item of solid food

3. drink/imbibe

3. liquid (to be) drunk

RÈ- ‘COLLATERAL FAMILY MEMBER/RELATIVE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. paternal collateral relative

1. maternal collateral relative

2. paternal male collateral relative

2. maternal male collateral relative

3. paternal female collateral relative

3. maternal female collateral relative

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. paternal aunt/uncle

1. paternal aunt/uncle

1. maternal nephew/neice

1. maternal aunt/uncle

2. paternal uncle

2. paternal uncle

2. maternal nephew

2. maternal uncle

3. paternal aunt

3. paternal aunt

3. maternal neice

3. maternal aunt

SÀ  ‘PLANT TYPES’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. branched/leaved plant including its fruit or flower

same as FORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, fuel, material, etc.)

2. grass-like or stalked plant including its seed or grain

3. moss-like or fungal plant or mold including its spore or cyst

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. branched/leaved plant

1. flower, fruit, or blossom of branched/leaved plant

2. grass-like or stalked plant

2. seed, grain, or kernel of grass-like or stalked plant

3. moss-like or fungal plant or mold

3. spore or cyst of moss-like or fungal plant or mold

ŠÀ- ‘SOIL/GROUND/DIRT (MIXED ORGANIC + MINERAL)’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. dirt/ground/soil [=substance + function as substrate/firmament]

1. peat

2. mud

2. dirt(y)/filth(y) [= soiled, unclean]

3. ground cover [organic-based, e.g., carpet of leaves]

3. mulch/compost/fertilizer

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to substance itself

same as above 3 stems referring to function as substrate/firmament

same as above 3 stems referring to substance itself

same as above 3 stems referring to function as substrate/firmament

ŠÈ- ‘NON-SANGUINE RELATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of godparent-godchild relationship

1. adoptive family member

2. male member of godparent-godchild relationship

2. male adoptive family member

3. female member of godparent-godchild relationship

3. female adoptive family member

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. godparent

1. godchild

1. adoptive parent

1. adopted child

2. godfather

2. godson

2. adoptive father

2. adopted son

3. godmother

3. goddaughter

3. adoptive mother

3. adopted daughter

TÀ- ‘ALIVE/LIVING THING/LIVING BEING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. living thing; be alive / to live

1. domesticated or civilized being

2. [wild] animal (all orders)

2. domesticated animal

3. [wild] plant (all orders)

3. cultivated plant

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. male being

1. female being

1. domesticated or civilized male being

1. domesticated or civilized female being

2. male [wild] animal

2. female [wild] animal

2. male [domesticated] animal

2. female [domesticated] animal

3. male [wild] plant

3. female [wild] plant

3. male [cultivated] plant

3. female [cultivated] plant

ŢÀ- ‘SMELL/ODOR’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. to smell (= use olfactory sense) + odor smelled; an act of smelling a smell or odor

1. examine or inspect via smelling + odor smelled

2. nose (olfactory organ + facial proboscis)

2. device used to detect presence of odor or gas / olfactory instrument + odor detected

3. imagine a smell (act + imagined odor)

3. create or manufacture an odor + odor created

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. to smell (= use olfactory sense)

1. an odor, a smell; to give off an odor

1. examine or inspect via smelling

1. odor detected via inspection or examination

2. nose (= olfactory organ)

2. nose (= facial proboscis)

2. device used to detect presence of odor or gas / olfactory instrument

2. odor detected via olfactory instrument

3. imagine an odor

3. an imagined odor

3. create or manufacture an odor

3. manufactured odor

TLÀ - ‘COMPONENT OF BODY’S RESPIRATORY/CARDIO-VASCULATORY SYSTEM

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. heart

1. lung

2. vascular component

2. component of respiratory system

3. (an amount of) blood

3. oxygen

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems

Same as above 3 stems

Same as above 3 stems

Same as above 3 stems

TMÙ- ‘PLEASURE-BASED VOCALIZATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sigh (affective/non-volitional)

Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to deliberate (i.e., volitional) vocalizations

2. squeal/groan/moan (affective/non-volitional)

3. gasp (affective/non-volitional)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems as triggered by physical or mental  pleasure or satisfaction

Same as above 3 stems as triggered by physical or mental distress, pain, torment, or dissatisfaction

VYÙ - ‘FOOD PLANT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. plant grown/harvested/cultured as food source

1. food dish/serving derived from plant

2. vegetable

2. food dish/serving derived from vegetable

3. fruit

3. food dish/serving derived from fruit

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to plant itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to edible part of plant or plant in edible condition following any necessary processing

Same as above 3 stems referring to serving/dish itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to consumption/ingestion  of the dish

XÀ- ‘VISION/SIGHT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. to sight (see + thing seen); an act of seeing something

1. observe / visually examine + thing seen

2. eye (functional organ + visible facial feature)

2. optical instrument + image

3. visualize / imagine / picture a visual image in one’s mind + image

3. create image / render an image

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. see; an act of seeing

1. a sight / image; to project an image

1. visually examine / observe

1. thing observed / visual evidence

2. eye (functional organ)

2. eye (visible facial feature)

2. optical instrument

2. thing observed via optical instrument

3. visualize / envision; act of visualization

3. an image / a vision (in one’s mind)

3. create image

3. image created

XÈ- ‘ARM’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. arm (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. arm (as holder, support, carrier) [both body part and function]

3. arm (as protective extension of body) [both body part and function]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. arm as single body part

1. arm as reacher or manipulator

2. arm as limb (focus on part/whole relation to body)

2. arm as holder/carrier

3. arm as extension of body

3. arm as natural protective/defensive implement of body

XRÙ - ‘GASTRONOMIC PAROXYSM’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [act + sound]

FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that the act/sound is deliberate (i.e., volitional)

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [act + sound]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [act + sound]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [act]

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [sound]

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [act]

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [sound]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [act]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [sound]

ZÀ - ‘THROAT (interior tract of neck)/GULLET’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. throat (= interior respiratory/digestive tract of neck)

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “throat/gullet” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, complex 3-dimensional form, plant, etc.

2. gullet (= tube- or trumpet-shaped digestive conduit from oral cavity)

3. interior chamber of throat (containing pharynx, larynx, plus epiglottal and glottal structures)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part

Same as above 3 stems referring to function

ZÈ- ‘MOUTH/ORAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. mouth [= oral orifice]

Same as INFORMAL Stems but for non-animal entity or figuratively

2. lip [use of DPX = lips]

3. interior of mouth/oral cavity

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on bodily location/physical aspect

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on purpose, use, function

ZÙ- ‘TRAGICOMIC-BASED VOCAL/FACIAL GESTURE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. mouth gesture

Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to deliberate (i.e., volitional) gestures/vocalizations (INFORMAL stems are affective/non-volitional)

2. vocalization

3. facial expression

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. smile

1. frown

2. laugh

2. whine, moan

3. “light up” (referring to one’s face’)

3. crestfallen look, look of dejection

ŻÀ- ‘HEAD’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. head (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. head (as seat of brain/mind) [both body part and function]

3. head (as entity’s primary “interface” area of body)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. head as physical body part

1. head as functional body part

2. head as physical seat of brain/mind

2. head as functional seat of brain/mind

3. head as “top” or “forward” part or “access” point

3. head as vital seat of identity

ŽÀ - ‘COMPONENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. component of CNS

1. brain

2. CNS- eurological process

2. spinal cord

3. component of peripheral nervous system

3. nerve

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems

Same as above 3 stems

Same as above 3 stems

Same as above 3 stems

ŽÈ-  ‘LEG’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. leg (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. leg (as support) [both physical body part and function]

3. leg (as ambulator, extension, limb) [both physical body part and function]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. leg as physical body part

1. leg as manipulating body part (e.g., for kicking, stomping)

2. leg as or balancing appendage for body

2. leg as support against gravity

3. leg as limb/extension

3. leg as ambulatory organ

BẸ-  ‘CLASSES OF MAMMAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. marsupial

Same as INFORMAL stems referring to tamed, domesticated, pet, bred, etc. individual

2. egg-laying mammal, ovoviviparous mammal

3. placental mammal

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to male

Same as above 3 stems referring to female

DLẠ-  ‘INSECT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of particular genus of insect

1. member of genus as resource

2. male member of genus

2. male as resource

3. female member of genus

3. female as resource

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wild member of genus

1. bred or domesticated member of genus

1. member of genus as food/prey

1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product

2. wild male member of genus

2. bred or domesticated male member of genus

2. male as food/prey

2. male as derived resource or processed product

3. wild female member of genus

3. bred or domesticated female member of genus

3. female as food/prey

3. female as derived resource or processed product

MLẸ-  ‘GENERIC WATERLIFE ’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of genus

1. member of genus as resource

2. male member of genus

2. male as resource

3. female member of genus

3. female as resource

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wild member of genus

1. bred or domesticated member of genus

1. member of genus as food/prey

1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product

2. wild male member of genus

2. bred or domesticated male member of genus

2. male as food/prey

2. male as derived resource or processed product

3. wild female member of genus

3. bred or domesticated female member of genus

3. female as food/prey

3. female as derived resource or processed product

PẠ-  ‘BRANCHED AND/OR LEAVED PLANT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. genus of branched tree/bush and/or leaved plant

1. wood product

2. leaf

2. leaf product

3. bark

3. bark product

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wood

1. seed/fruit/nut

1. wood as resource

1. seed/fruit as food or resource

2. root

2. flower/blossom

2. root as food or resource

2. flower as food or resource

3. branch

3. sap

3. branch as resource

3. sap product/syrup

SKỤ-  ‘GENERIC MAMMAL/AVIAN/REPTILE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of mammalian/avian/reptilian genus

1. member of genus as resource

2. male member of genus

2. male as resource

3. female member of genus

3. female as resource

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wild member of genus

1. bred or domesticated member of genus

1. member of genus as food/prey

1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product

2. wild male member of genus

2. bred or domesticated male member of genus

2. male as food/prey

2. male as derived resource or processed product

3. wild female member of genus

3. bred or domesticated female member of genus

3. female as food/prey

3. female as derived resource or processed product

TLẸ-  ‘CLASSES OF LAND/AIR ANIMAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. mammal

Same as INFORMAL stems referring to domesticated, tamed, bred, pet, etc. individual

2. non-mammalian, non-avian, non-reptilian animal, i.e.,  insect/arthropod/arachnid/worm/mollusk

3. avian or reptilian lifeform

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. insect

1. mollusc

2. worm

2. bird

3. arthropod/arachnid

3. reptile

DÌ - ‘ROCK/MINERAL-BASED SOIL/GROUND’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. stone [as substance/material or substrate/ground]

1. rock(y) [= specific natural embodiment of stone]

2. sand [as substance/material or substrate/ground]

2. gravel

3. clay [as substance/material or substrate/ground]

3. lava [w/ CPT = volcanic rock/lava-based rock]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on substance

Above 3 stems used to identify material nature of the substrate, ground or firmament

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on substance

Above 3 stems used to identify material nature of the substrate, ground or firmament

MLÌ ‘HORIZONTAL SUPPORTING SURFACE AGAINST GRAVITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. “ground”/firmament

1. floor

2. table-like horizontal flat object / slab

2. table

3. shelf-like flat object

3. shelf

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical gestalt/shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose as functional supporting surface against gravity

same as above 3 stems referring to physical gestalt/shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose as functional supporting surface against gravity

ŘÒ- ‘LIGHT / RADIANT ENERGY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. ray of sunlight

1. ray of radiant light or energy (non-solar)

2. the Sun / Sol

2. flame / “tongue” of fire

3. star

3. artificial source of light or energy

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. light from a ray of sunlight

1. heat from a ray of sunlight

1. ray of light (non-solar)

1. ray of energy/heat (non-solar)

2. the Sun as light source

2. the Sun as energy/heat source

2. ray of firelight

2. flame as energy/heat source

3. starlight

3. energy of a star

3. lamp light / light from artificial source

3. energy/heat from artificial energy/heat source

SÌ - ‘PLANETARY BODY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. planet/planetary body

1. The Earth/Terra

2. moon/satellite of planetary body

2. The Moon/Luna

3. other spatial body

3. artificial satellite

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body

Same as above 3 stems referring to human interaction with (i.e., sighting, influence by, speculation upon, contact with, experimentation involving, etc.)

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body

Same as above 3 stems referring to human interaction with (i.e., sighting, influence by, speculation upon, contact with, experimentation involving, etc.)

ĐÒ- ‘WATER AS SUBSTANCE AND TOOL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. (some) water; (be/make) wet / moist(en)

1. (some) water as component of life

2. (some) water in context of usage [both substance and use]

2. (some) water as nourishment; to consume/drink water

3. ice

3. (some) water as biological environment or medium

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. (some) water [substance itself]

1. degree of moisture [from water]

1. (some) water of one’s corporeal body

1. hydration; hydrate

2. water as “tool” (e.g., for washing, for powering a turbine, etc.)

2. wash, clean [with water]

2. act of drinking water; to drink water

2. to water (e.g., plants)

3. ice / freeze

3. float

3. (some) water from a natural environmental setting

3. to inhabit water / live in water / water-dwelling

KLÒ- ‘WATER IN NATURAL MOTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a flow of water / to flow or run

1. river / to flow as a river / to run as a river

2. sprinkle / shower; to sprinkle or shower upon

2. rain(fall); to rain

3. cascade / pour [= free falling of water]

3. waterfall

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. water component of a flow of water

1. channel or course of a flow of water

1. water component of a river

1. channel or course of a river

2. water component of a sprinkle/shower

2. trajectory or course of a sprinkle/shower

2. water component of rain

2. “path” or course of a rain shower

3. water component of a cascade or pouring of water

3. trajectory or course of a pouring of water

3. water component of a waterfall

3. channel or “groove” of a waterfall

TLÒ- ‘WATER IN STATIC SETTING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. container of water

1. (standing) body of water

2. water/moisture located in confined space

2. ambient/atmospheric water/moisture

3. (something) imbued/drenched with water; waterlogged

3. artificial body of water (e.g., reservoir)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. some water in/from a container

1. holder/container which holds water

1. water component of a body of water

1. the basin or bed of a body of water

2. degree of moisture contained

2. the volume/space occupied by water/moisture

2. water/moisture in the air or atmosphere

2. volume of air(space) containing the water or moisture

3. the water imbued within an object, substance, or substrate

3. the object, substance or substrate imbued/soaked with water

3. water within an artificial body of water

3. the basis or bed of an artificial body of water, e.g., reservoir bed

VĬ-   ‘DIMENSIONAL/SPATIO-TEMPORAL RELATIONS

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of (static) dimensional property (e.g., short/long)

same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to an applied contextual gestalt (e.g., the vicinity, the depths, the expanse, the interregnum, the surroundings, the perimeter, etc.)

2. dynamic decrease in degree of dimensional property (e.g., shorten/ing)

3. dynamic increase in degree of dimensional property (e.g., lengthen/ing)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems applied to spatial context

same as above 3 stems applied to temporal context

FYĬ - ‘QUALITY OR PROPERTY OF MATTER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of quality/property of matter

same as INFORMAL stems except that degree of particular quality/property is unusual, abnormal, unexpected, or has been changed from expected norm

2. decrease in degree of quality/property of matter

3. increase in degree of quality/property of matter

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to organic-based substance

Same as above 3 stems referring to non-organic or synthetic substance

VLÌ- ‘COLOR/HUE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. something having a color plus the color

same as INFORMAL stems but tinted/painted/stained, etc. to have other than its natural color

2. something light-colored plus the color

3. something dark-colored plus the color

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. something having a color

1. a color

2. something having a light color

2. a light color

3. something having a dark color

3. a dark color

KRÌ- ‘RED’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. something red plus the color red

same as INFORMAL stems but referring to something tinted/painted/stained red

2. something light-red plus the color light-red

3. something dark-red plus the color light-red

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. something red

1. red

2. something light red

2. light red

3. something dark red

3. dark red

SXĬ - ‘STICKY/ADHESIVE MATERIAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sticky substance or material; to stick / to be mired in

1. adhesive substance material; adhere/stick (via adhesive)

2. goo / ooze / slime

2. glue / liquid adhesive

3. sap / resin

3. cement / mortar / grout

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to organic-based substance

Same as above 3 stems referring to non-organic or synthetic substance

Same as above 3 stems referring to organic-based substance

Same as above 3 stems referring to non-organic or synthetic substance

XÌ- ‘ (QUASI-)SOLID SUBSTANCE (i.e., non-liquid & non-gaseous)’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. elemental/fundamental manifestation (e.g., chunk, drop, flume, bit, piece, etc.) of a (quasi-)solid material substance/compound + substance/compound itself

1. Same as INFORMAL Stem No. 1 but referring to substance in an abnormal liquid or gaseous state

2. elemental/fundamental manifestation (e.g., chunk, drop, flume, bit, piece, etc.) of a substance/compound derived from a another subtance +  the derived substance itself

2. thing/object composed of a (quasi-)solid material substance/compound + its function/purpose

3. source of a (quasi-)solid material substance / compound

3. status of substance/compound as being or not being (quasi-) solid

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. elemental manifestation (e.g., chunk, drop, flume, bit, piece, etc.) of a material substance

1. substance/compound itself

1. substance in an abnormal liquid state

1. substance in an abnormal gaseous state

2.  elemental manifestation (e.g., chunk, drop, flume, bit, piece, etc.) of a substance/compound derived from refinement, distillation or processing of material substance or compound

2. derived substance / compound itself

2. object created, molded or manufactured from a material substance

2. function/purpose of object created, molded or manufactured from a material substance

3. natural source of a (quasi-)solid material substance / compound

3. derived or artificially created source of a (quasi-) solid material substance / compound

3. solid (= hard to the touch)

3. quasi-solid (= non-gaseous and non-liquid but not hard; able to be deformed by touch)

XÒ - ‘LIQUID/FLUID’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. drop of liquid/fluid + liquid/fluid itself

1. Same as INFORMAL Stem No. 1 but referring to substance in an abnormal solid or gaseous state

2. drop of liquid/fluid as derived from other substance + the derived liquid subtance itself

2. thing/object composed of liquid + its function/purpose

3. source of a liquid/fluid

3. status of substance/compound as being or not being in a liquid/fluid state

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. drop of liquid/fluid

1. liquid/fluid subtance itself

1. substance in an abnormal solid (i.e., frozen) state

1. substance in an abnormal gaseous state (i.e., vapor)

2. drop of liquid/fluid as derived from other substance

2. the derived liquid/fluid subtance itself

2. object created, molded or manufactured from a liquid

2. function/purpose of object created, molded or manufactured from a liquid

3.  natural source of a liquid/fluid

3.  derived or artificially created source of a liquid or fluid

3. liquid/fluid state

3. viscous state (quasi-liquid but able to be deformed/shaped; semi-solid)

ŽÌ- ‘ARTICLE OF CLOTHING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. piece of clothing as covering or fashion; to wear such

1. piece of clothing as part of uniform or costume; to wear such

2. piece of clothing as distinguishing marker or indicator of station; to wear such

2. part of uniform or costume as indicator of station/job; to wear such

3. piece of clothing as ornament or accessory; to wear such

3. part of uniform or costume as ornament; to wear such

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. piece of clothing as covering; to wear such

1. piece of clothing as fashion; to wear such

1. part of uniform as covering; to wear such

1. part of costume as covering; to wear such

2. piece of clothing as distinguishing marker; to wear such

2. piece of clothing as indicator of station; to wear such

2. part of uniform as indicator of station/job; to wear such

2. part of costume as indicator of station/job; to wear such

3. piece of clothing as ornament; to wear such

3. piece of clothing as accessory; to wear such

3. part of uniform as ornament; to wear such

3. part of costume as ornament; to wear such

ZÒ - ‘GAS / FLUME’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. cloud/flume of gas/vapor + gas/vapor itself

1. Same as INFORMAL Stem No. 1 but referring to substance in an abnormal solid or liquid state

2. cloud/flume of gas as derived from other substance + the derived gas itself

2. thing/object composed of gas + its function/purpose

3. source of a gas

3. status of substance/compound as being or not being in a gaseous state

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. cloud/flume of a gas or vapor

1. gas/vapor itself

1. substance in an abnormal solid (i.e., frozen) state

1. substance in an abnormal liquid state

2. cloud/flume of gas as derived from other substance

2. the derived gas itself

2. thing created, molded or manufactured from a gas

2. function/purpose of thing created, molded or manufactured from a gas

3.  natural source of a gas

3.  derived or artificially created source of gas

3. gaseous/vapor state

3. semi-gaseous state (combination or gaseous + non-gaseous state, e.g., as w/ CO2 vapor rising from dry ice)

BŪ- ‘RECLINE / PRONE POSITION OR ORIENTATION / HORIZONTALITY

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. recline(d) / prone position (relative to long axis of object) / lie (down) / lay (out)

1. horizontal (relative to gravity or plane of the earth’s surface) / orientation perpendicular to direction of gravity

2. recumbent position / position of relaxation relative to gravity --> sprawl, loll

2. occupying position of maximum repose or having a positional or dynamic orientation based on the path of least resistance relative to gravity

3. flush / flat against / position or orientation level with some flat or even firmament / lay flat

3. flatten(ed); collapse(d) or configure(d) to minimum height perpendicular to background firmament

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself

same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself

same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

DŪ-  ‘PATH-ORIENTED TRANSLATIVE MOTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. move from one place to another; translative motion (i.e., motion from one place toward another)

1. journey; to travel, traverse, to journey

2. course/way/route/trajectory followed between two points

2. route travelled/traversed on journey

3. move between two points; motion along path from one point to another; to cross/go across from one side to another

3. travel between two points / make a crossing / travel across

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. motion “outward”; go

1. motion “inward”; come

1. go travelling / be off

1. journey toward

2. movement away; go away (= increase distance between two objects)

2. close in / get close(r) (= decrease distance between two objects)

2. travel further away from

2. reach vicinity of / close in on

3. leave (= move away from one point toward some distant point)

3. approach (= approach one point from direction of some distant point)

3. departure; depart

3. arrival; arrive / reach destination

FĒ-  ‘COMPONENTIAL PART OF WHOLE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. component/part of something + its function/purpose

Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to a separable/detachable component/part, as opposed to INFORMAL stems which refer to an inalienable or integrated component/part

2. appearance/condition of component/part + its function/purpose

3. component/part as seen in relation to the greater whole

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. component/part itself

1. function/purpose of component/part

2. phsycial appearance/condition of component/part

2. impact/effect of component’s/part’s condition on its function/purpose

3. component/part itself as seen in relation to the greater whole

3. function/purpose of component/part itself in relation to the greater whole

GĀ- ‘UPRIGHT POSITION OR ORIENTATION/VERTICALITY/PERPENDICULAR/PROTRUSION

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. upright/erect position or orientation (relative to long axis of object) / stand (up)

1. vertical (i.e., parallel to gravity or plane of earth’s surface)

2.  stick up or out/ protrude

2. occupying position of maximum contrast to a position of repose; position of maximum “alertness” or readiness or action

3. perpendicular / position or orientation at right angles  to background firmament (relative to long axis of object); be or stand on end

3. stretch(ed) outward; pull(ed) or configure(d) to maximum height perpendicular to background firmament

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself as an abstract concept

same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself as an abstract concept

same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

GZĒ- ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL OUTLINE SHAPES’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1.   generic 2-D outline shape (e.g., the shape of a close-course race-track, the outline of the shore of a lake, a drawing of a national border on a map, etc.)

1. 2-D outline shape generically distorted

2. generic 2-D outline horizontally elongated

2. 2-D outline shape obliquely elongated / skewed along one axis

3. generic 2-D outline vertically elongated

3. 2-D outline shape medially compressed, i.e., “squished/pinched in the middle”

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

KLÎ - ‘MANNERCONDUCT/BEHAVIOR/DEMEANOR’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. manner (= the way something or someone acts or behaves)

1. method, the way something happens, course of action; conduct

2. guise, form; to take the form/guise of

2. behave/comport/conduct onself = outward display of one’s personality/thoughts/emotions/motives; behavior/conduct/deportment

3. practice/policy

3. bearing/carriage/demeanor

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the manner/form/practice itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the effect, impact or outcome

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the method or behavior itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the effect, impact or outcome

KLÓ- ‘TEMPORARY ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. momentaneous or short-lived atmospheric phenomenon [physical occurrence + manifestation/effect]

1. zone of high or low barometric pressure relative to surrounding pressure

2. flash of lightning + peal of thunder [electrical phenomenon + associated sound]

2. cold or warm air front

3. cloud [in the sky]

3. eye of a storm

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. momentaneous or short-lived atmospheric phenomenon [physical occurrence]

1. manifestation/effect of momentaneous or short-lived atmospheric phenomenon

1. low pressure zone

1. high pressure zone

2. flash of lightning

2. peal of thunder

2. cold air front

2. warm air front

3. cloud [in the sky] – physical occurrence

3. impact/effect of cloud [in the sky], e.g., its hiding of the sun, it causing zero visibility as a plane flies through it, etc.

3. eye of storm [physical occurrence]

3. short-lived calm/still conditions associated with the eye of a storm

KRĀ- ‘VERTICAL ELEVATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. level [= relative vertical elevation]

Same as INFORMAL stems but as applied to buildings and other architectural forms/constructs

2. layer/stratum

3. degree of size/expanse of level relative to adjacent or surrounding level

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. low spot in relative elevation

1. high spot in relative elevation

2. low-layered; deep

2. upper-layered; shallow

3. plateau-like level, abuttmant; loft-like

3. ridge-like formation; crest-like formation

KNĒ- ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL SHAPES/FORMS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. strip [solid/rigid]

1. ribbon-like shape [flexible]

2. plane/planar [solid/rigid]

2. sheet-like shape [flexible]

3. tube/cylinder/cylindrical [solid/rigid]

3. tube-like shape [flexible]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

KRĒ- ‘INVERSION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. orientational inversion

FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that context is formal/authorized/permanent/abstract as described in Sec. 3.7

2. unidirectional topological inversion [= mirror-image]

3. three-dimensional topological inversion [= inside-out]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. orientational inversion along y-axis [= backwards]

1. mirror-image inversion along x-axis [= lateral/sideways]

2. mirror-image inversion along y-axis [= backwards]

2. orientational inversion along z-axis [= upside down]

3. orientational inversion along x-axis [= lateral/sideways]

3. mirror-image inversion along z-axis [= upside down]

KŦŪ- ‘LATITUDE / NORTH-SOUTH’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. north-south axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

1. latitude

2. north axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

2. north latitude

3. south axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

3. south latitude

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. north-south axial direction or orientation

1. north-south geographical or geopolitical areal designation

1. polar area

1. parallel [= line of latitude]

2. north direction or orientation

2. north geographical or geopolitical areal designation

2. north polar area (Arctic)

2. Northern Hemisphere

3. south direction or orientation

3. south geographical or geopolitical areal designation

3. south polar area (Antarctic)

3. Eastern Hemisphere

MĒ- ‘ACCESS/PASSAGE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. access point / passage; pass through, access

1. doorway (= the access portal itself, not the door which opens/closes off access)

2. passage or infiltration of one substance into another

2. gateway / portal

3. filter / screening [selective access]

3. checkpoint

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. enter / go in / pass within / ingress

1. exit / go out / egress

1. enter (through primary/official entrance/access portal)

1. exit (through primary/official entrance/access portal)

2. infiltrate / imbue / immerse

2. emit / dispense

2. receive (= welcome) ; reception

2. remove / dispel

3. filter through

3. filter out

3. admittance; admit

3. oust / eject

PĀ- ‘INTERIORITY / POSITION OR ORIENTATION INSIDE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. position/orientation somewhere inside (of), i.e., underneath or on other side of surface or boundary layer

1. entirety of an interior space/compartment (e.g., of house, car, device, etc.)

2. position/orientation somewhere inside of (2-D context), i.e., within the area defined by a boundary line

2. entirety of an interior surface / functional planar area within the boundaries of

3. position/orientation somewhere inside of (3-D context), i.e., within the volume set off by a boundary membrane, surface/wall, etc.

3. entirety of an interior volume / functional space within the boundaries of

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on interior position (i.e. position other than on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on position on interior surface (i.e. position on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on interior position (i.e. position other than on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on position on interior surface (i.e. position on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

PLĒ-  ‘2-DIMENSIONAL CURVATURE/DISTORTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. curve/curl/bent formation in 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the curvature itself + object manifesting such curvature]

1. volume of space defined/bounded by curvature or bending of a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the spatial volume itself + object manifesting such bounded space]

2. dimple/depression in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the depression itself + object manifesting the depression]

2. volume of space defined/bounded by a dimple or depression in a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the spatial volume itself + object manifesting such bounded space]

3. undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the distortion itself + object manifesting the distortion]

3.volume of space affected by the undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the spatial volume itself + object manifesting such bounded space]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. curve/curl/bent formation in 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the curvature itself]

1. object manifesting a curve/curl/bent formation in 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object

1. volume of space defined/bounded by curvature or bending of a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the spatial volume itself]

1. object manifesting a volume of space defined/bounded by curvature or bending of a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object

2. dimple/depression in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the depression itself]

2. object manifesting a dimple/depression in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object

2. volume of space defined/bounded by a dimple or depression in a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object [the spatial volume itself]

2. object manifesting a volume of space defined/bounded by a dimple or depression in a 2-dimensional planar surface or surface of 3-dimensional object

3. undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the distortion itself]

3. object manifesting an undefined distortion, blurring or anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object

3.volume of space affected by the undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object [the spatial volume itself]

3. object manifesting a volume of space affected by the undefined distortion/blurring/anomaly in 2-D planar surface or surface of 3-D object

PRĒ- ‘ANGULAR STRUCTURE / CORNER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. (two-dimensional) angle

Same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to permanent, authoritative, formal contexts or to social or analogical contexts

2. (three-dimensional) vertex

3. angle-based constraint on access or movement

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. interior angle of two-dimensional surface or analog

1. exterior corner/vertex of two-dimensional surface or analog

2. interior vertex/corner of three-dimensional space

2. exterior corner/vertex of three dimensional space

3. corner as constraint

3. corner as opportunity for choice of movement

ŠKĒ- ‘ONE-DIMENSIONAL (i.e., LINEAR) SHAPES/FORMS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. point / dot [solid/fixed/rigid]

1. point / dot [flexible/movable/fluid]

2. line / linear [solid/fixed/rigid]

2. line / linear [flexible/movable/fluid] / string-like

3. hoop / ring [solid/fixed/rigid]

3. hoop / ring [flexible/movable/fluid] / loop

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

SMĀ-  ‘TERRAIN-BASED/GEOGRAPHICAL ELEVATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. relative elevation in comparison to other geological feature/terrain

FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that context is geo-political or in terms of formal property [geographic ownership]

2. geological layer/stratum

3. flatland area/plain

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. v alley / geographic depression relative to surrounding terrain

1. hill / upland / raised geographic feature relative to surrounding terrain

2. deep underground

2. near-surface / shallow [in terms of depth underground]

3. plateau / raised flat-topped geographic feature relative to surrounding terrain

3. ridge / crest / flat-linear edge between different geographic/geologically-based elevations

STĀ-  ‘FIT/HOLD/CONTAIN AS INTERNAL-EXTERNAL PARTITION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. holding area / containment area; hold/keep/contain

1. room, chamber

2. fit; to fit, contain (= have sufficient room for)

2. reside, situate; room as place of residence, quasi-permanent situation or default location

3. volume or boundary of containment area

3. room boundaries (i.e., walls, floor, ceiling)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to the physical boundaries (“walls”) which define the containment area and prevent contents from leaking or escaping

same as above 3 stems referring to the space (“room”) within the holding area and protection of contents from external environment

same as above 3 stems referring to the room as a container separating inside from outside

same as abvoe 3 stems referring to the space within the room as shelter or sanctuary

TĀ- ‘EXTERIORITY / POSITION OR ORIENTATION OUTSIDE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. position/orientation somewhere outside (of), i.e., beyond or on other side of surface or boundary layer

1. the space beyond/outside/excluded from an interior space/compartment (e.g., of house, car, device, etc.)

2. position/orientation somewhere outside of (2-D context), i.e., beyond/outside the area defined by a boundary line

2. an external surface / functional planar area beyond/outside the boundaries of (e.g., the “out of bounds” area of a tennis court)

3. position/orientation somewhere outside of (3-D context), i.e., beyond/outside the volume set off by a boundary membrane, surface/wall, etc.

3. the space beyond/outside an interior volume / functional space outside the boundaries of

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on exterior position (i.e. position other than on outside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on position on exterior surface (i.e. position on outside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on exterior position (i.e. position other than on outside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on position on exterior surface (i.e. position on outside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

TÎ- ‘APPEAR/MANIFEST/SHOW/EXHIBIT/DISPLAY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. appear/manifest/show = be/make observable to the senses of others; manifestation, appearance

1. exhibit; display

2. expose; exposure

2. show off, flaunt

3. bring/call attention to = make others aware of the appearance/showing of something

3. announce; advertise

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act of manifestation/showing

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on thing manifested or shown

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act of exhibiting or display

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on thing exhibited or displayed

TNĒ- ‘THREE-DIMENSIONAL BLOCK-LIKE SHAPES/FORMS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. cube [solid volume]

Same as INFORMAL stems but as outline edges/frame only, not as solid volumes

2. rectilinear block [solid volume]

3. disc

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

VĒ- ‘CURVATURE/BENDING/OPEN LINEAR FORMS OR SHAPES’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. linear curve/curl/bent line at obtuse/open angle or tangential rate [the line itself + object manifesting such a line]

1. obtuse angle [degree of size/openness + object or bounded space manifesting such an angle]

2. linear curve/curl/bent line at acute/sharp angle or tangential rate [the line itself + object manifesting such a line]

2. acute angle [degree of size/narrownness + object or bounded space manifesting such an angle]

3. linear curve based on mathematical function (e.g.,  algebraic or logarithmic) [the line itself + object manifesting such a line]

3. mathematically determined form made of lines (e.g., polygon, quadrilateral, etc.) [pattern + object having the pattern]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. linear curve/curl/bent line at obtuse/open angle or tangential rate [the line itself]

1. object manifesting a linear curve/curl/bent line at obtuse/open angle or tangential rate

1. obtuse angle [in reference to its size, i.e., degree of openness]

1. obtuse angled object or bounded space

2. linear curve/curl/bent line at acute/sharp angle or tangential rate [the line itself]

2. object manifesting a linear curve/curl/bent line at acute/sharp angle or tangential rate

2. acute angle [in reference to its size, i.e., degree of narrowness]

2. acute angled object or bounded space

3. linear curve based on mathematical function (e.g.,  algebraic or logarithmic) [the line itself]

3. object manifesting a linear curve based on mathematical function (e.g.,  algebraic or logarithmic)

3. mathematically determined form made of lines [the pattern]

3. object manifesting a mathematically determined form made of lines

VRĒ-  ‘PATH/WAY/COURSE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. course/way [taken]

1. route [taken]

2. [marked] path [taken]

2. road [taken]

3. trajectory; move(ment) along a trajectory / “sail” / arc

3. channel [taken]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to the course/way/path/trajectory itself

same as above 3 stems referring to following or travelling along the course/path/trajectory

same as above 3 stems with focus on the route/road/channel itself

same as a stems with focus on following or travelling along the route/road/channel

XĀ- ‘AMBULATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. ambulate (as natural to specific species, e.g., walk, slither, fly, crawl, etc.)

1. “formal” ambulation, e.g., march, prance

2. rapid ambulation (as per specific species, e.g., run, gallop, scamper, scurry, etc.)

2. purposeful rapid ambulation, e.g., flee, race

3. unnatural or affected ambulation

3. deliberately unnatural or affected ambulation, e.g., swagger, saunter

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to the nature of the bodily movement/gait

same as above 3 stems referring to  the translative/directional motion from one point toward another

same as above 3 stems referring to the nature of the bodily movement/gait

same as above 3 stems referring to  the translative/directional motion from one point toward another

XŪ- ‘LONGITUDE / EAST-WEST’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. east-west axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

1. longitude

2. west axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

2. West longitude

3. east axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

3. East longitude

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. east-west axial direction or orientation

1. east-west geographical or geopolitical areal designation

1. meridian

1. zero meridian (Greenwich meridian)

2. west direction or orientation

2. west geographical or geopolitical areal designation

2. time zone

2. Western Hemisphere

3. east direction or orientation

3. east geographical or geopolitical areal designation

3. International Date Line

3. Eastern Hemisphere

ZĒ- ‘SPATIAL ORIENTATION / POSITION / DIRECTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. general spatial position [currently or within context of utterance]; be situated at

1. specific spatial position at “end point”; be situated at “end point” of

2. general orientation (along or relative to directional axes); to “face” [toward]

2. specific orientation toward “end point” of; to “face” squarely

3. general direction/axis of movement; direct/move along axis of

3. specific direction/axis of movement toward “end point” of; to head straight for

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. general position toward “one side” of opposed spatial points

1. general position toward “other side” of opposed spatial points

1. specific position at “one end” of opposed spatial points

1. specific position at “other side” of opposed spatial points

2. general orientation toward “one side” of opposed spatial points

2. general orientation toward “other side” of opposed spatial points

2. specific orientation toward “one end” of opposed spatial points

2. specific orientation toward “other end” of opposed spatial points

3. general direction toward “one side” of opposed spatial points

3. general direction toward “other side” of opposed spatial points

3. specific direction toward “one end” of opposed spatial points

3. specific direction toward “other end” of opposed spatial points

ZRĒ- ‘THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPHEROID SHAPES/FORMS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sphere(oid) [rigid or solid]

1. ball-like form [flexible/mutable or hollow]

2. ovoid / elliptoid / round [rigid or solid]

2. ovoid /elliptoid / round [flexible/mutable or hollow]

3. torus / toroid (hoop/ring-like form with circular/elliptical/oval cross-section) [rigid or solid]

3. torus / toroid [flexible/mutable or hollow]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

BÎ- ‘APPEARANCE/SEMBLANCE/IMPRESSION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. appear to be/seem/look as if/give (off) the impression of; appearance/semblance/impression

1. ostensible/ostensibly

2. on the face of it, on first blush

2. resemble, look like

3. on the surface/superficially/seemingly

3. façade, veneer

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on thing giving off the impression or appearance

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on affective impression to the observer

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on thing giving off the impression or appearance

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on affective impression to the observer

DÓ- ‘EXISTENCE/ONTOLOGY/METAPHYSICS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. exist objectively; something that exists; be(ing) [both ontological and metaphysical]

Same as INFORMAL stems except in reference to epistemological context [i.e., in relation to knowledge/awareness of ontological or metaphysical existence]

2. law of nature / existential axiom

3. natural/inherent

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to ontology / ontological aspect

same as above 3 stems referring to metaphysics / metaphysical aspect

KRÍ - TOOL/INSTRUMENT

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. tool, instrument, implement as extension of bodily appendage(s) (e.g., as per force, strength, precision, reach, pressure, instrument as labor-saving or efficiency-increasing means etc.)

1. utensil, specialized implement for assisting in refined task

2. tool, instrument as means of “defying nature” (e.g., wheel, wedge, fulcrum, etc.

2. mechanical/motorized/electric/electronic implement/device

3. supply-like resource/implement used by itself or in  association with specific tool (e.g., nail, tack, clothespin, hook)

3. supply-like resource/implement used as fuel or input for mechanical/electrical/electronic implement/device

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof

Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof

KSÓ- ‘TRANSCENDENCE / SPIRIT / RELIGION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. one’s spirit or soul / transcendent “connection” to the universe

1. religious belief

2. universal oneness / metaphysical interconnectedness between all things

2. feeling of religious fervor or zeal

3. striving/quest for ultimate destiny/purpose/”Omega point”

3. striving/quest for salvation/redemption/enlightment (specific to particular religion)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to ontological nature

same as above 3 stems referring to belief/faith therein

same as above 3 stems referring to ontological nature

same as above 3 stems referring to belief/faith therein

MYÓ- ‘SIMILARITY/SAMENESS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. similar(ity) to oneself (on another occasion)

1. same (= selfsame)

2. similar(ity) to (an)other entity/instance

2. same (= identical to (an)other entity/instance)

3. remind (one) of / reminder

3. same (= copy/replacement)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on appearance or superficial impression

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on function, purpose or behavior

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on identity or appearance

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on function, purpose or behavior

ŠNÎ- ‘SWITCH/ALTERATION BETWEEN MULTI-VALUED SETTINGS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. switch to a different value or setting

Same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to permanent, authoritative, formal contexts or to social or analogical contexts

2. veer, change course

3. change to a less active or more active setting; increase or decrease intensity or setting

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. switch to higher/greater value or setting

1. switch to lower/lesser value or setting

2. change to more difficult, dangerous, or unpredictable course

2. change to easier, safer, or more predictable course

3. increase to higher/stronger intensity

3. decrease to lower/weaker intensity

SPÓ- ‘PHYSICAL CONTACT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. physical contact between 2 or more objects [contact + effect]

FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that the context is specific to physical contact by one’s “default” appendage(s) for volitional physical contact, i.e., hands/fingers, beak, snout, tongue, pseudopod, tendril, tentacle, etc.

2. application of physical pressure/force + effect

3. move or set in motion via physical contact + resulting motion

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems but with focus on physical act of contact

same as above 3 stems but with focus on resulting effect/movement

ŠÎ - ‘POSSESSION / OWNERSHIP’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. have/possess; physical possession (temporary/circumstantial and alienable – e.g., a library book in one’s hand)

1. have/possess/own; possession, piece of property (alienable but quasi-permanent by law/right and in one’s immediate possession-, e.g., a hat I bought and am wearing)

2. have/possess; possession (circumstantial and affective + (quasi-) inalienable, either permanent or temporary – e.g., a medical condition, an office at work I occupy, a seat at a cinema showing)

2. have/possess/own; possession, piece of property (alienable but quasi-permanent by law/right, not necessarily in one’s immediate possession -, e.g., a hat I bought/own but am not necessarily wearing)

3. have/possess; possession (genetic, intrinsic and inalienable, but not considered property – e.g., a sibling, a child, a limb, a memory)

3. have/possess/own; possession, piece of property (quasi-permanent and legally inalienable except through formal/legal separation process – e.g., a house I own, a pet dog I registered

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to act/state of possession

Same as above 3 stems referring to thing possessed

Same as above 3 stems referring to act/state of possession/ownership

Same as above 3 stems referring to thing owned; piece of property

ŠTÎ - ‘WEATHER CONDITION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. (current) weather condition

1. adverse weather condition

2. amenable weather condition (warm seasons)

2. adverse weather condition (warm seasons)

3. amenable weather condition (cold seasons)

3. adverse weather condition (cold seasons)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to condition itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to effect/impact

Same as above 3 stems referring to condition itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to effect/impact

TRÍ- ‘BINARY REVERSAL / POLARITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. switch to opposing or complementary value

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Sec. 3.7.

2. switch or reverse [linear] direction

3. toggle between active/positive or inactive/negative state

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. set to positive, primary, or initial value

1. set to negative, secondary, or complementary value

2. change current course or direction

2. reverse course or direction

3. active / activate / turn on / render active / on / positive state

3. inactive / deactivate / turn off / render inactive / off / negative state

TRÓ - ‘LARGE IMPLEMENT FOR COUNTERING GRAVITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. ladder [object itself + use]

1. winch/windlass

2. stair

2. expandable boom

3. bridge; span

3. derrick

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof

Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof

VÍ- ‘VALUE/WORTH/PRICE/COST’
(Often used in conjunction with various Quantifying and Modulative affixes from Sections 7.7.6 and 7.7.7 to show relative degree of value within context)

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. be valuable/worthwhile, have value/worth [in terms of usefulness, convenience, efficacy, service, applicability]

1. cost appraisal, assessment, estimate, quote

2. be valuable/worthwhile, have value/worth [in terms of personal desire or emotional attachment]

2. cost, expense, expenditure [what is (to be) given up or released in exchange for something, either a commercial or non-commercial context]

3. be valuable/worthwhile, have value/worth [in terms of financial benefit or gain, profit, or remuneratively]

3. rate (of payment); formula/terms for determining payment

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on intrinsic value

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on actual value (i.e., degree to which the intrinsic value can actually be utilized, consumed or manifested)

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to cost quoted or agreed to

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to actual payment

XÓ - WEAPON

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. hand-held or hand-thrown bladed weapon for cutting or stabbing [object + use]

1. ballistically launched projectile [projectile + use]

2. pointed-tipped handheld or propelled weapon for piercing [object + use]

2. explosive/incendiary substance/device [substance/device + use]

3. blunt force-driven hand-held or propelled weapon [object + use]

3. gaseous/chemical/other weapon [substance + use]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. bladed weapon itself

1. use/function of bladed weapon

1. ballistically launched projectile

1. use/function of ballistically launched projectile

2. pointed-tipped handheld or hand thrown weapon itself

2. use/function of pointed-tipped handheld or hand thrown weapon

2. explosive/incendiary substance/device

2. use/function of explosive/incendiary substance/device

3. blunt force-driven hand-held or hand-thrown weapon itself

3. use/function of blunt force-driven hand-held or hand-thrown weapon

3. gaseous/chemical/other weapon

3. use/function of gaseous/chemical/other weapon

XRÎ - ‘HAPPEN/OCCUR(ENCE)/MANIFEST/EVENT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. happen / occur / take place / to “pass”

1. step / act / action

2. manifest / be or make real / reify

2. phenomenon

3. event (spacio-temporal context)

3. incident

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical manifestation itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the effect or consequence

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical manifestation itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the effect or consequence

ZLÍ-  ‘GROWTH/CULTIVATION/HUSBANDRY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. grow; stage of growth

1. stage of plant growth; grow (plant)

2. raise; look after; foster; function as guardian

2. till/cultivate/raise crop; stage of cultivation (e.g., etc.)

3. nurture / provide requirements for growth; husbandry

3. to garden/specialized act of plant nurturage (e.g., prune, graft, weed, etc.)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to act itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to (anticipated) result/effect

Same as above 3 stems referring to act itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to (anticipated) result/effect

ČŌ ‘MAKE/CONSTRUCT/INTEGRATE/FORM’
(NOTE:  This root does not refer to ‘make/create’ meaning ‘emit/secrete/produce’as in ‘make noise’ or ‘make milk’, etc.)

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. make/construct/create (non-mechanical) [= construct via integration of material resources]

1. mechanically construct / build from a design

2. to form/fashion/mix  (non-mechanical) [= combine ingredients/parts to form]

2. integrate parts / integration of parts

3. integrate/organize (non-mechanical)

3. machine / mechanical device

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effort/work involved

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the result or product

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effort/work involved

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the result or product

FĪ - ‘TIME PERIOD/DURATION MORE THAN ONE DAY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. expanse of time/period/duration more than 1 day

1. subjective long-term period/era

2. lunar period / month

2. geologic era

3. solar year

3. ‘lifetime’; timespan from beginning to end of something

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above three stems w/ focus on elapsed time

Same as above three stems w/ focus on time during which

Same as above three stems w/ focus on elapsed time

Same as above three stems w/ focus on time during which

FLÔ- ‘ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS (ORNAMENTAL/SPECIALIZED)’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. tower

1. window opening

2. dome

2. doorway

3. spire/steeple

3. balcony/terrace

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

same as above 3 stems referring to physical shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

GÔ- ‘GEOGRAPHICAL/GEOPOLITICAL ELEMENTS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. geographical feature or element

1. geopolitical feature or element

2. geographical area / “land”

2. geopolitical area / “land” or “country”

3. natural piece of territory

3. (piece of) property

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on geophysical feature or element

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus as natural habitat

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus as political entity

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on political boundaries/borders

KĪ- ‘DAY/NIGHT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. day [= 24-hour period]

same as for INFORMAL stems except applied to a particular date or scheduled day as in “my first day at work” or “Independence Day”

2. sky

3. degree of sunlight [use with EXN, EXD, SUF affixes, etc. from Sec. 7.7.6]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. daytime

1. nighttime

2. daytime sky

2. nighttime sky

3. daylight

3. natural darkness

KYÔ- ‘SEASON’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. season, time of year

1.  social behavior/custom associated with particular season (e.g., celebration, recreation, vacation, etc.)

2. weather associated w/ particular season / seasonal weather

2. weather-determined practice/behavior/custom associated with particular season (e.g., migration, mating, nesting, hibernation, etc.)

3. cyclic state/condition of flora/fauna associated with a particular season

3. practice/behavior/custom relating to maintenance/upkeep of crops, game and other material resources associated with a particular season (e.g., foraging, hunting, planting, harvest, storage, etc.)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to the timeframe itself relative to the greater annual cycle or calendar year

Same as above 3 stems referring to the context of the season itself irrespective of the greater annual cycle

Same as above 3 stems referring to the timeframe itself relative to the greater annual cycle or calendar year

Same as above 3 stems referring to the context of the season itself irrespective of the greater annual cycle

KŌ- ‘TWO/DUALITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set of two / a duo; to be two in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make dual / having 2 uses or aspects / bi- / twofold

3. second one in a sequence; be/make second in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. twice the number of something; to double / multiply by two

1. half; halve / divide by or into two

2. two times [= iterations] / twice; to be/make/do twice

2. be of or make into two parts; bifurcate(d)

3. to the second power / squared; to square / raise to the second power

3. to the negative second power / inverse square; to divide by the square of

NŌ- ‘SEVEN’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of 7 / a septet; to be 7 in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make seven-faceted / having 7 uses or aspects / septi- / sevenfold

3. seventh one in a sequence; be/make seventh in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 7 times the number of something; to septuple / multiply by 7

1. a seventh / divide by 7 or into 7 parts

2. 7 times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 7 times

2. be of or make into 7 parts; separate(d) into 7 parts

3. to the 7th power; raise to the 7th power

3. to the negative 7th power; to divide by the 7th power of

LŌ- ‘ONE/UNITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. one

1. single entity / single / singular

2. (something) alone/lone/sole

2. (something) isolated

3. (something) unique

3. 9something) independent / self-reliant / self-sufficient

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. unit (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)

1. unify/unite; unit (in terms of being indivisible)

Same as above 3 stems in terms of there being no other instance/example thereof

Same as above 3 stems in terms of entity being indivisible

2. alone/lone/sole (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)

2. alone/lone/sole (in terms of being indivisible)

3. unique (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)

3. unique (in terms of being indivisible)

MÔ - ‘TIME PERIOD/DURATION LESS THAN ONE DAY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. moment/instant

1. ‘second’ [= basic unit of cyclic time, based on clapping of hands once together then once with back of hands together]

2. a ‘while’

2. ‘minute’ = 100 seconds

3. portion of a day

3. ‘hour’ = 100 minutes

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above three stems w/ focus on elapsed time

Same as above three stems w/ focus on time during which

Same as above three stems w/ focus on elapsed time

Same as above three stems w/ focus on time during which

PÔ- ‘WAIT/AWAIT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. wait (for), await; waiting, a wait

1. vigil/a watch; be vigilant/watchful

2. expect; expectation; expected/impending

2. foresee; foresight; prospective/foreseeable

3. predict; prediction

3. prognosticate, forecast

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the process

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on what is awaited, expected, predicted

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the process

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on what is awaited, expected, predicted

PRŌ- ‘ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS/FORMS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. column/pillar

1. strut/buttress

2. “side”/wall (external)

2. partition

3. floor [= base/ground]

3. roof

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

same as above 3 stems referring to physical shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

VŌ- ‘WHOLE NUMBER/INTEGER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a (whole) number, numeral, digit, integer

Same as INFORMAL stems but applied to formal, authoritative, permanent context as per Section 3.7

2. having more than one aspect; multifaceted

3. numerical series/sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. multiply (by)

1. divide (by)

2. consisting of more than instance; multiple instance(s) of

2. having more than one part; consisting of parts; non-unitary; non-unified

3. exponential/logarithmic progression

3. negative exponential/logarithmic progression

VLÔ- ‘CONTAIN / HOLD / CONTENTS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. contain(ment) via gravity (e.g., basin) + contents

Same as INFORMAL stems but in quasi-permanent context or by intrinsic nature as opposed to the INFORMAL stems which convey an incidental or circumstantial context

2. contain(ment) via enclosure / surrounding conveyance + contents

3. contain(ment) via imbuement / as ingredient; to “carry” [as integrated component or ingredient] + contents

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to contents

same as above 3 stems referring to the container

DÁ- ‘NAME/DESIGNATION/TITLE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. name + referent; to be named, to be called

1. title + referent

2. designation/reference + referent; refer to as

2. formal designation + referent

3. label / nickname + referent; to go by

3. role

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the reference

Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the referent

Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the reference

Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the referent

FYÉ- ‘QUESTION/INQUIRY/ANSWER/RESPONSE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. question & answer [statement requesting information + the answer/reply/response thereto]

1. inquire/inquiry + answer

2. query/investigate [investigative act + discovery made]

2. research + findings

3. ponder/introspect [self-questioning + conclusion]

3. analyze + results of analysis

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. question [statement requesting information]

1. response/reply/answer [information desired or given]

1. inquire/inquiry

1. answer [i.e., result of inquiry]

2. query

2. answer (to query) [i.e., cause/reason for what is being looked into or investigated]

2. research

2. finding(s)/discovery made via research

3. ponder/introspect; to question oneself mentally

3. conclusion [(desired) result of self-analysis]

3. analyze

3. conclusion/results of analysis

KÁ- ‘REMEMBER/RECALL/MEMORY/RECORD’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. memory; remember (= recall) [whether unwilled/affective or self -willed/voluntary]

1. trace/track/vestige

2. retain / retention of something past into present

2. memorial (object/action formally recognizing or acknowledging something/someone past)

3. remember [= commit to memory] / memorize

3. to record / a record

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. a memory itself (i.e., the content thereof)

1. faculty of memory/recall (i.e., the process of using one’s memory)

same as above 3 stems with focus on that which the physical manifestation memorializes or gives evidence/remembrance of

same as above 3 stems with focus on the object/event/physical manifestation itself which conveys the memory or record

2. a memory retained or kept fresh (i.e., the content thereof)

2. a memory retained or kept fresh (i.e., the process thereof)

3. thing remembered or memorized [=event/act/situation/state, etc. committed to memory]

3. process of committing something to memory

KŦÚ-  ‘FANTASTIC OR IMAGINARY CREATURE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. fantastic or imaginary creature/beast

1. mythological/symbolic creature/beast

2. winged fantastic creature/beast

2. legendary being/creature/beast, allegedly real

3. reptilian/saurian fantastic creature/beast

3. alien/extraterrestrial being

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body or presence of creature/beast itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the mind, personality, character, or interaction/communication with the creature/beast

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body or presence of creature/beast itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the mind, personality, character, or interaction/communication with the creature/beast

LÁ- ‘SPEAK/VOICE/ORAL SOUND/INTERPRETATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. vocal utterance / oral sound; utter

1. meaning or interpretation of vocal utterance; to mean or signify

2. talk / speak / spoken utterance [parole]

2. meaning or interpretation of word; to mean or signify

3. rhetorical utterance / express [langue]

3. meaning or interpretation of sentence or phrase; to mean or signify

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical production of sound

same as above 3 stems referring to communication/conveying of content

same as above 3 stems referring to objective meaning, signification or denotation

same as above 3 stems referring to subjective interpretation, connotation or “impact”

RÉ- ‘THOUGHT/IDEA/REASON’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. think / cogitate + thought or idea cogitated

1. to reason / use logic + content of reasoning

2. consider + idea considered

2. analyze + object of analysis

3. propose + argument or idea proposed

3. abstract (= to mentally construct) + concept

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. think / cogitate; an act of thinking

1. a thought / an idea

1. to reason / use logic; act of reasoning

1. object of reasoning

2. consider; an act of consideration

2. a thought or idea considered

2. analyze; act of analysis

2. object of analysis

3. propose / posit

3. a proposition or argument

3. to abstract / conceive / conceptualize; act of abstraction or conception

3. concept

SÉ- ‘MUSIC’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. musical note or tone / produce [i.e., play] musical note or tone [sound + its playing]

Same as INFORMAL stems except that they apply to the production of song, i.e., vocal music or for voice with musical accompaniment

2. consciously select musical note [for purpose of composition] + sound of note

3. a musical beat or measure [sound + its playing]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. sound of musical note or tone

1. producing/playing of musical note or tone

2. sound of selected musical note

2. conscious selection of musical note [for purpose of composition]

3. sound of a musical beat or measure

3. production/playing of a musical beat or measure

STÚ- ‘COMPARISON/MEASUREMENT/WEIGH’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. compare/contrast

1. measure

2. discriminate/distinguish

2. discern

3. “weigh”/ponder choice/pro-con analysis

3. relate/collate/determine relationships between

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on act

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on purpose or desired outcome

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on act

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on purpose or outcome

TÁ- ‘WRITE/INSCRIBE/DOCUMENT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. inscribe [= make written symbol]; written symbol

1. written record / thing containing writing

2. write message; written content

2. document

3. “write” [= compose via writing] / to author

3. a writing / a written work

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical act of inscription

same as above 3 stems referring to communication/conveying of content

ame as above 3 stems referring to the physical document

same as above 3 stems referring to the content

ŦÚ ‘MIND’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. mind / mental (faculty + use)

1. sentience / capacity for self awareness and self-identity + act of self-reflection

2. perception / awareness (faculty + use)

2. conscious + subconscious mind

3. instinct (faculty + practice)

3. intellect / wits /mind as efficacious tool

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. mental faculty / mind

1. application of mental faculty; act of mentation / use one’s mind

1. feeling of sentience

1. act of self-reflection

2. faculty of perception or awareness

2. use of perception or awareness; to perceive / be aware of

2. conscious mind

2. subconscious mind

3. instinct

3. instinctual act; to act instinctively

3. intellect; use one’s intellect

3. product of one’s intellect / intellectual feat

TLÁ- ‘DEITY / SPIRITUAL ENTITY / SUPERNATURAL ENTITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. (a) spirit / supernatural entity

1. angel

2. deity / god / “overseer” spirit

2. God / Supreme Being / Creator deity

3. demon

3. the Devil / Satan

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to male gender

same as above 3 stems referring to female gender

same as above 3 stems referring to male gender

same as above 3 stems referring to female gender

VÉ- ‘FACT/KNOW/LEARN/UNDERSTAND/EXPERTISE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. ontological fact;  observe/notice an ontological fact

1. study/practice [= formal process to acquire skill or knowledge]

2. epistemological/conventionalized fact; know fact

2. realize/understand/comprehension via act of insight

3. experience/proficiency [= know via familiarity]

3. understand [= know via sharing/communication of knowledge]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act or faculty of knowing

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the fact itself, the thing known

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act or faculty of study/understanding

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the fact itself, the thing studied or understood

VYÚ- ‘GOOD/BENEFICIAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. good [= beneficial to context]

Same as INFORMAL stems but applied to concrete, range-of-moment tangible contexts, whereas INFORMAL stems are applied to general, metaphysical contexts.

2. good [= morally right; beneficial metaphysically]

3. good [= advantageous/effective]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act, event or situation itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on desired outcome/reward/benefit

ČÊ- ‘DEGREE OF PLEASURE/FULFILLMENT/SATISFACTION/HAPPINESS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of physical/sensual pleasure [both feeling and cause]

1. degree of spiritual/value-based/philosophically-oriented pleasure/contentment [both feeling and cause]

2. degree of emotional/psychological contentment/pleasure [both feeling and cause]

2. degree of happiness
(spiritual/value-based/philosophically-oriented) [both feeling and cause]

3. degree of physical satisfaction/satiety [both feeling and cause]

3. degree of emotional/psychological satisfaction and fulfillment [both feeling and cause]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to the affective state/feeling/experience itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the cause or causal context, e.g., ‘a pleasant visit’ or ‘a satisfying meal’

Same as above 3 stems referring to the affective state/feeling/experience itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the cause or causal context, e.g., ‘a happy home’ or ‘a fulfilling job’

ĐÛ- ‘LOVE/AFFECTION/EMOTIONAL BOND’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. act of affection / display of fondness or endearment

1. like / value as source of emotional fulfillment

2. familial/genetically-tied bond of love

2. love of country, heritage, race, etc.

3. act/feeling of romantic love

3. love of or emotional allegiance to abstract idea (e.g., freedom, life, wealth)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act or display

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the emotion/feeling itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act or display

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the emotion/feeling itself

FÂ- ‘AFFECTIVE/NON-VOLITIONAL MENTAL STATE/PROCESS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. mood; be in a mood

1. rationalization; rationalize

2. instinct; act/behave on instinct [state + content]

2. delusion; (be) delude(d)

3. dream [state + content]

3. hallucination; hallucinate

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to state or process itself

same as above 3 stems referring to content thereof

same as above 3 stems referring to state or process itself

same as above 3 stems referring to content thereof

C-H    FÊ-  ‘PLAY/RECREATION/LEISURE’
(These stems are often used with the various Valence categories (Section 6.2) to specify the manner of participation)

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. play/recreate/amuse oneself (activity + feeling of enjoyment derived) = self-involved activity, e.g., play w/ a toy, play hide-and-seek, etc.

1. play/recreate (activity + feeling of amusement/enjoyment derived) = formal rule-oriented activity, e.g., a board game, a sport, etc.

2. element of participitory or self-involved leisure activity (activity + feeling of enjoyment/relaxation derived), e.g., a dance, a hike, fishing, camping

2. attend/view a formal entertainment (activity + feeling of enjoyment/diversion derived), e.g., view a show, live performance, movie, a sporting event, etc.)

3. practice hobby or pastime (activity + feeling of enjoyment/relaxation derived)

3. engage in (a) sport activity (activity + feeling of competitive spirit) for motive of formal competition, e.g., victory-oriented

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the thing/activity being enjoyed, i.e., a toy, game or diversion

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the feeling of amusement/enjoyment derived

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the thing/activity being enjoyed

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the feeeling of amusement/enjoyment derived

KÛ- ‘PRIDE/EGO/RESPECT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. feel proud (of oneself); feeling of pride (in oneself)

1. self-esteem

2. feel proud (of someone); feeling of pride (of someone)

2. respect/admiration

3. one’s feelings/sensibilities (e.g., to hurt one’s feelings)

3. ego/sense of self-identity; to sense (some)one’s ego / to gain an impression of someone’s self-identity

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the cause

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the feeling

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the cause

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the feeling

LYÂ- ‘ “HEART” / “ESSENCE” / VALUES ’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. metaphorical/psychological seat of one’s personality and emotions, i.e., “heart”, “soul”, mind

1. personal value(s)/ what one holds dearest or as most important

2. degree/depth of one’s emotions / “feelings” / experience a certain depth of emotion

2. personal virtues/ personality traits

3. essence; essential subjective/intangible qualities of an entity

3. personal principles

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to volitionally controllable aspect(s) thereof

same as above 3 stems referring to non-volitional aspect(s) thereof

same as above 3 stems referring to volitionally controllable aspect(s) thereof

same as above 3 stems referring to non-volitional aspect(s) thereof

MYÛ-   ‘DEGREE OF WAKEFULNESS OR CONSCIOUSNESS’
Note: Stems from this root are used in conjunction with various degree indicator affixes such as the EXN, EXD and SUF affixes from Sec. 7.7.6 in order to distinguish which polarity (awake vs. asleep) is implied.

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of consciousness or unconsciousness

1. degree of activity/vivaciousness/“energy”

2. degree of wakefulness or sleepiness

2. degree of dormancy or hibernation

3. degree of alertness/focus/attention/awareness or lack thereof

3. degree of personal intent/diligence/enterprise

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. capacity for or faculty of consciousness

1. object/entity/thought of which one is conscious

1. state of activity / vivaciousness / liveliness / energy

1. object of activity / vivaciousness / liveliness / energy

2. capacity for or faculty of wakefulness/sleepiness

2. that which stimulates awakening or lulls into sleep

2. state of dormancy/hibernation

2. object of dormancy/hibernation

3. capacity for or faculty of alertness/attention/awareness

3. that to or of which one is alert/attentive/aware

3. state of personal intent/diligence/enterprise

3. object of one’s intent/diligence/enterprise

NYÛ- ‘CHOICE/ALTERNTIVE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. choose/choice [from open selection]

1. select/pick [from limited selection]

2. prefer(ence)

2. alternative/option

3. settle (for)

3. vote [w/ CPT = elect]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act of choosing/preferring

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on choice or preference made

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act of choosing/preferring

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on choice or preference made

PÂ-  ‘DEGREE OF PAIN/LOSS/DISSATISFACTION/MISERY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of physical pain [both feeling and cause]

1. degree of spiritual/value-based/philosophically-oriented displeasure/discontent [both feeling and cause]

2. degree of emotional/psychological discontent/pain [both feeling and cause]

2. degree of unhappiness/misery
(spiritual/value-based/philosophically-oriented) [both feeling and cause]

3. degree of physical dissatisfaction/lack [both feeling and cause]

3. degree of emotional/psychological dissatisfaction and loss/lack [both feeling and cause]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to the affective state/feeling/experience itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the cause or causal context, e.g., ‘an unpleasant visit’ or ‘a terrible meal’

Same as above 3 stems referring to the affective state/feeling/experience itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the cause or causal context, e.g., ‘an unhappy home’ or ‘a miserable job’

PYÂ- ‘HUMOR/WIT/JEST’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. something funny or humorous = comical

1. a jest or prank; make a jest or pull a prank = act or situation designed to evoke humor

2. something witty = subtlely and cleverly humorous

2. a joke; make a joke  = communicated situation or message designed to evoke humor

3. something farcical = something humorous based in irony

3. something sardonic = double-edged humor based in sarcasm

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on the joke or source of humor

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on the humorous effect/impact

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on the joke or source of humor

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on the humorous effect/impact

SLÊ- ‘EXPERIENCE / UNDERGO A STATE OR FEELING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. non-volitional (i.e., affective) experience of a state/feeling/emotion; feel (an) emotion [state + content]

Same as INFORMAL stems except referring to a formal/institutionalized/symbolic expressions of the particular emotion.

2. act or action caused by non-volitional experience of state or feeling

3. cause or causal circumstance for non-volitional state/feeling

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on process itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on experiential state/feeling itself

TÂ- ‘SEEK/SEARCH’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. search, seek, look for something unknown [i.e., location/existence uncertain]

1. hunt, hunt for [i.e., location/existence uncertain]

2. search, seek, look for something lost [i.e., something known to exist which is missing]

2. pursue, track down [i.e., existence certain, location surmisable]

3. inspect

3. quest / seek to accomplish/achieve something

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to search/quest itself

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to thing being looked for or sought

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to search/quest itself

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to thing being looked for or sought

TÊ- ‘DEGREE OF FUN/MERRIMENT/JOVIALITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. fun/ merriment; feel/be merry, have fun (both cause/source + feeling derived)

1. be jovial/jocular/jolly; express/manifest joviality, jollity

2. frolic, skylark = aimless, innocent pursuit of fun and amusement (both cause/source + feeling derived)

2. formal amusement (activity or cause + feeling derived), e.g., from/at party, fete, show, performance, etc.

3. whim, impulsive moment for purpose of amusement

3. revel; an instance of revelry

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the cause

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the feeling of merriment derived

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the cause

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the feeeling of merriment/amusement derived

XÛ-  ‘WANT/DESIRE/REQUEST’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) want/desire [emotion + object of desire]

1. request [desire + thing requested]

2. conscious desire based on need/lack/goal

2. need/lack/necessity + thing needed or lacking

3. hope/wish [feeling + thing wished/hoped for]

3. ambition/goal/aspiration; aspire

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to the feeling of desire

same as above 3 stems referring to the thing desired

same as above 3 stems referring to the feeling of desire/need

same as above 3 stems referring to the thing requested/needed

BĂ- ‘REPUTE/NOTORIETY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. repute/reputation

1. distinction/mark

2. public image/persona

2. degree of eminence [= power or influence]

3. notoriety [= degree of renown/recognition by others]

3. degree of prestige/status

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to perspective of person reputed

same as above 3 stems referring to perspective of audience

same as above 3 stems referring to perspective of person reputed

same as above 3 stems referring to perspective of audience

DĔ- ‘MANNERS/DECORUM/DIGNITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. well-mannered, well-behaved; display a sense of manners

1. decorum/cultural appropriateness; have/display a sense of decorum, politeness and civility

2. dignified; have/display a sense of dignity

2. courtly/stately/refined; stateliness

3. noble, distinguished, cultivated; have/display a noble, distinguished or cultivated air

3. aristocratic, well-bred; having/displaying a sense of aristocracy, nobility and breeding

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the cause

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the effect

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the cause

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the effect

JĂ-  ‘MANAGE/GUIDANCE/COMPLIANCE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. guide / guideline + compliance

1. rule, precept + obedience

2. manage / direct + compliance

2. preside over / mete out law / govern + abidance

3. discipline + submission/obedience

3. moral guideline + personal rectitude

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. guide / guideline

1. follow guide / follow guideline

1. rule, precept

1. obey rule or precept

2. manage / direct

2. comply / follow direction(s)

2. preside over / met out law / govern

2. abide by law / obey law

3. apply discipline

3. submit to discipline

3. moral guideline

3. personal rectitude

KŬ- ‘GRATITUDE/THANKFULNESS/PRAISE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. thank(s) / offer gratitude due to unexpected favor or convenience performed

1. praise

2. thank(s) / offer gratitude due to being relieved/rescued from negative situation

2. gratefulness; feeling or manifestation of being beholden to someone or something [feeling is justified and an honor to be feeling]

3. thank(s) / offer gratitude within ironic circumstances or merely as a courtesy, i.e., where expectation of thanks is for an unwanted, unnecessary, or purely symbolic act or required little or no effort on doer’s part

3. feeling or manifestation of being beholden or obliged to someone or something [feeling is resented and unwanted]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on intent to convey gratitude

same as above 3 stems with focus on actual display of gratitude

same as above 3 stems with focus on desire/intent to convey the feeling

same as above 3 stems with focus on actual display of the feeling

KŠŬ- ‘FOOL/CLOWN’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. fool(ish); dupe

1. town fool, village idiot

2. buffoon, laughingstock

2. clown

3. nerd, dweeb

3. jester

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems in non-serious context of “in fun” or “for laughs”

Same as above 3 stems in poignant, sorrowful, pathetic context

Same as above 3 stems in context of entertainment

Same as above 3 stems in context of parody or as a foil for society

KYĂ- ‘SALUTATION/GREETING/ACKNOWLEDGEMENT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. acknowledge/demonstrate awareness of

1. greet(ings) / salutation(s)

2. hail / get attention of / bring attention to

2. formal welcome or farewell

3. congratulate

3. socially introduce / to socially present

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on purpose or desired outcome

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on purpose or desired outcome

NĂ-  ‘TRANSFER OF POSSESSION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. temporary, circumstantial, incidental direct transfer of possession (i.e., give / take)

1. quasi-permanent or official transfer of possession (i.e., rendering/reception; render, receive)

2. temporary, circumstantial, incidental indirect transfer (i.e., to leave for someone / to take based on discernment of availability)

2. quasi-permanent or official transfer (i.e., bestowal or bequest/acquisition; bestow/acquire)

3. temporary, circumstantial, incidental transfer over distance (i.e., to bring something / to leave with something)

3. deliver/take ownership of

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. give, lend

1. take, borrow

1. donate; donation

1. receive; reception

2. leave (something for someone), make available

2. get, obtain

2. leave to heir

2. inherit; inheritance

3. thing given, gift (given)

3. thing taken, gift (taken)

3. bestow; bequest

3. acquire; acquisition

NŬ- ‘GOODWILL/FRIENDLINESS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. being nice [= emotional/spiritual/physical support of another’s interests]

1. good samaritanship, going out of the way to help

2. goodwill, benevolent intent, kindness

2. peace / fellowship

3. amicability / friendliness

3. friendship (unidirectional)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act(ions) or behavior

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on emotion or feeling

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act(ions) or behavior

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on emotion or feeling

PYĂ - ‘CELEBRATORY ACT/ CEREMONIAL RITE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. act of jubilation (as manifestation of personal joy, contentment, freedom, self-indulgence, etc.) [both act + cause/reason]

1. solemn act of commemoration/memorial

2. act of celebration (in positive recognition of something) [both act + cause/reason]

2. solemn act of recognition/acknowledgement

3. joyful or celebratory symbolic/ceremonial rite [both act + cause/reason]

3. solemn symbolic/ceremonial rite

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to act itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to reason, cause or motive

Same as above 3 stems referring to act itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to reason, cause or motive

ŘĂ -  ‘ATTRACTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. feel/be attracted to (physical attraction to other person)

1. feel/be attracted/drawn to (emotional-philosophical attraction to inanimate thing or abstraction, e.g., a political platform, buying a certain car, etc.)

2. feel/be attractive (physical attraction to other person)

2. be attractive/seductive (emotional-philosophical attraction to inanimate thing, idea or abstraction, e.g., a political platform, buying a certain car, etc.)

3. act/gesture indicating or hinting of attraction to; “(give) clue/hint” (physical attraction to other person)

3. “selling point” / a “pro” (vs. “con”)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to viewpoint of others

Same as above 3 stems referring to viewpoint of party feeling attraction

Same as above 3 stems referring to viewpoint of others

Same as above 3 stems referring to viewpoint of party feeling attraction

ŠŬ- ‘ROMANTIC AND/OR SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1.  state of sexual/romantic relationship

1. significant other / boyfriend or girlfriend

2.  erotic/sexual act; engage in a sexual/erotic activity

2. lover / sex partner

3.  to date / to court; pursue romantic relationship

3. dating partner

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. sexual/romantic relationship itself

1. emotional / hormonal basis underlying sexual relationship

1. boyfriend

1. girlfriend

2. sexual/erotic act itself

2. feeling of lust or other motive underlying sexual act

2. male lover

2. female lover

3. particular act involved in dating or courtship

3. feeling of hope or long-term goal of monogamous relationship or marriage underlying pursuit of romantic relationship

3. male dating partner

3. female dating partner

VĂ-  ‘EFFORT/WORK’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. exert / expend energy

1. perform / operate / act / function

2. work / labor / effort

2. job task / employment-related task; perform job task

3. handiwork / craftsmanship

3. act of industry or enterprise

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to activity itself